What to know about Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn) before using it medicinally

Crataegus oxyacantha, commonly known as hawthorn, is a herb that has been prized for its remarkable health benefits, which include lowering cholesterol levels, improving cardiovascular health, and even alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression.

This versatile herb is also valued for its ease of cultivation and ability to thrive in a variety of conditions, making it a popular choice for gardeners and horticulturists. From a botanical standpoint, hawthorn is a deciduous shrub or tree belonging to the rose family, with distinctive thorns and fragrant white flowers that are rich in nectar.

Historically, hawthorn has been revered for its medicinal properties, with references to its use dating back to ancient civilizations, including the ancient Greeks and Romans.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Crataegus oxyacantha .

What are the medicinal properties of Crataegus oxyacantha ?

Crataegus oxyacantha helps with cardiovascular issues, such as high blood pressure, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. It is also used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and digestive problems. Hawthorn is often used in traditional medicine for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

The active constituents of Crataegus oxyacantha include flavonoids, triterpenic acids, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. These constituents have been shown to have cardiovascular-protective and antioxidant effects.

The parts of the plant most commonly used for medicinal purposes are the leaves, flowers, and berries. The leaves and flowers are used to make teas and tinctures, while the berries are used to make jams and wines. The berries are also used as a food source.

Possible side effects of Crataegus oxyacantha include nausea, diarrhea, and interactions with certain medications, such as blood thinners and diabetes medications. These side effects are generally mild and temporary, but may be more severe in individuals with certain medical conditions.

The most common precautions to take when using Crataegus oxyacantha medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional before use, especially for individuals with bleeding disorders, diabetes, or taking certain medications. Additionally, pregnant or breastfeeding women should use caution when consuming hawthorn products.

What are the horticulural aspects of Crataegus oxyacantha ?

Crataegus oxyacantha grow in a wide range of soil types, from acidic to alkaline, and in various light conditions, from full sun to partial shade. It prefers well-drained soils and can tolerate drought but performs better with regular watering. It thrives in USDA zones 5-8.

For optimal growth, plant Crataegus oxyacantha in fall or early spring, choosing a location with at least 6 hours of direct sunlight. Water regularly during the first year, reducing watering as the tree matures. Prune the tree annually to maintain shape and promote fruiting.

For optimal fruit production, harvest Crataegus oxyacantha berries in late fall or early winter, when they are fully ripe and red. Remove the fruit to promote new growth and encourage fruiting the following year. Prune the tree annually to maintain shape and promote fruiting.

Common pests affecting Crataegus oxyacantha include aphids, scale, and spider mites. Fungal diseases, such as powdery mildew and leaf spot, can also occur. Regularly inspect the tree for signs of infestation or disease, and use integrated pest management techniques to address any issues promptly.

What are the botanical aspects of Crataegus oxyacantha ?

Crataegus oxyacantha is a deciduous shrub or small tree with thorny branches, elliptical leaves, and small, white or pink flowers in late spring.

Its taxonomical classification is Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Rosids, Order: Rosales, Family: Rosaceae, Genus: Crataegus, and Species: C. oxyacantha.

There are several variants of hawthorn, including the English hawthorn (C. monogyna), the May hawthorn (C. coccinea), and the Midland hawthorn (C. laevigata), which differ in leaf and flower characteristics.

Hawthorn is native to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to North America, where it has become naturalized in many areas. It grows in a variety of habitats, including woodlands, hedgerows, and coastal cliffs.

The life cycle of hawthorn begins with germination of seeds in spring, followed by seedling establishment and growth, flowering in late spring, fruiting in autumn, and dormancy during winter, after which the cycle repeats.

What are the historical aspects of Crataegus oxyacantha ?

Crataegus oxyacantha is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine. In ancient Europe, hawthorn was used to treat heart and circulatory problems, as well as digestive issues. It was also used to treat wounds and burns.

In mythological references, the hawthorn is associated with Thor, the Norse god of thunder, who was said to have used the hawthorn tree to protect himself from lightning. In Celtic mythology, the hawthorn was considered a sacred tree, associated with the goddess Morrigan.

Symbolically, the hawthorn represents protection, fertility, and eternal life. In medieval times, the hawthorn was seen as a symbol of marriage and fidelity. The hawthorn was also associated with the afterlife, with the ancient Greeks believing that the hawthorn tree was a portal to the underworld.

In historical texts, hawthorn is mentioned in the works of ancient Greek physician Hippocrates and Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder. In the 16th century, hawthorn was described in detail by European herbalist John Gerard in his book "Herball".

Historical artifacts depicting hawthorn include ancient Greek and Roman pottery, which feature images of the hawthorn tree in various contexts. Additionally, medieval illuminated manuscripts often feature hawthorn trees as part of their decorative borders.