Crataegus chlorocarpa

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Crataegus chlorocarpa
• English hawthorn
• one-seeded hawthorn
• single-seed hawthorn
• Hawthorn
• red hawthorn
• Neapolitan medlar
• common hawthorn
• may

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Crataegus pectinata
• Oxyacantha azarella
• Oxyacantha elegans
• Crataegus oliveriana
• Mespilus maroccana
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. azarella
• Mespilus caucasica
• Crataegus monogyna f. nordica
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. maura
• Crataegus javorkae
• Crataegus monogyna var. pinnatifida
• Crataegus azarolus var. triloba
• Crataegus monogyna var. elegans
• Crataegus monogyna var. maura
• Mespilus maura var. diversifolia
• Mespilus maura var. maroccana
• Mespilus monogyna proles polyacantha
• Crataegus monogyna var. praecox
• Crataegus monogyna f. hirsuta
• Mespilus monogyna var. praecox
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. praecox
• Crataegus monogyna f. praecox
• Crataegus monogyna var. lasiocarpa
• Crataegus laciniata var. lasiocarpa
• Oxyacantha apiifolia
• Crataegus brevispina var. contracta
• Crataegus monogyna var. ferox
• Crataegus monogyna var. trilobata
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. brevispina
• Crataegus oxyacantha f. mediterranea
• Crataegus monogyna var. brevispina
• Crataegus oxyacantha f. brevispina
• Mespilus monogyna var. brevispina
• Mespilus brevispina
• Mespilus monogyna proles brevispina
• Mespilus azarolus glabra
• Crataegus monogyna var. microphylla
• Crataegus monogyna var. vineticola
• Crataegus monogyna subvar. glaucophylla
• Crataegus debeauxii
• Crataegus integerrima
• Crataegus calycina var. cuneata
• Crataegus inermis
• Crataegus aegeica
• Crataegus curvisepaloides
• Mespilus triloba
• Crataegus monogyna var. glabra
• Crataegus monogyna f. globosa
• Crataegus monogyna var. gumperi
• Mespilus oxyacantha subsp. monogyna
• Mespilus oxyacantha var. monogyna
• Mespilus oxyacantha f. mediterranea
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. miniata
• Mespilus oxyacantha var. moriphylla
• Mespilus monogyna proles insengae
• Crataegus monogyna var. halacsyi
• Crataegus monogyna var. hirsuta
• Mespilus oxyacantha var. incisa
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. obovatocuneatis
• Mespilus oxyacantha var. laciniata
• Crataegus maura
• Crataegus maura var. diversifolia
• Crataegus leiomonogyna
• Crataegus hirsuta
• Crataegus jaquinii
• Crataegus jaquinii var. cylindrocarpa
• Crataegus laciniata var. decussata
• Mespilus oxyacantha var. elegans
• Mespilus monogyna subvar. laciniata
• Mespilus oxyacantha intermedia
• Mespilus oxyacantha lusus aurea
• Mespilus polyacantha
• Mespilus oxyacantha var. monostyla
• Crataegus monogyna var. nordica
• Mespilus oxyacantha subvar. intermedia
• Mespilus oxyacantha var. aciphylla
• Mespilus oxyacantha var. apiifolia
• Crataegus krima
• Crataegus krumbholzii
• Crataegus lipskyi
• Crataegus lamprophylla
• Crataegus lasiocarpa
• Crataegus praearmata
• Crataegus reginae
• Crataegus pulchella
• Crataegus monogyna var. polyacantha
• Mespilus monogyna dissecta
• Mespilus elegans
• Mespilus monogyna var. elegans
• Crataegus monogyna var. triloba
• Mespilus monogyna var. eriocarpa
• Mespilus fissa
• Mespilus insengae
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. acutiloba
• Mespilus monogyna subvar. filicifolia
• Mespilus monogyna var. fissa
• Mespilus fastigiata
• Crataegus oxyacantha f. alboplena
• Mespilus monogyna var. glastonburiensis
• Mespilus constantinopolitana
• Mespilus monogyna
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. alboplena
• Crataegus orientobaltica
• Crataegus orientobaltica f. glabra
• Mespilus monogyna var. azarella
• Mespilus crataegus
• Mespilus monogyna proles azarella
• Crataegus oxyacantha proles monogyna
• Crataegus maura var. maroccana
• Mespilus monogyna var. maura
• Mespilus monogyna pectinata
• Crataegus maura var. tarraconensis
• Mespilus monogyna var. pectinata
• Crataegus orientobaltica f. laciniata
• Crataegus oligacantha
• Mespilus monogyna pteridifolia
• Crataegus azarolus subsp. triloba
• Mespilus monogyna quercifolia
• Crataegus monogyna f. schizophylla
• Crataegus monogyna var. segobricensis
• Crataegus monogyna var. semperflorens
• Mespilus monogyna f. stricta
• Crataegus bracteolaris
• Mespilus monogyna var. trifida
• Crataegus monogyna var. semperflorens
• Mespilus monogyna var. wallrothii
• Crataegus monogyna var. spathulifolia
• Mespilus monogyna var. semperflorens
• Crataegus azarella
• Mespilus monogyna var. splendens
• Mespilus monogyna proles splendens
• Crataegus borealoides
• Mespilus monogyna var. stricta
• Crataegus monogyna var. gregoriana
• Crataegus monogyna var. stricta
• Mespilus monogyna f. laciniata
• Crataegus brevispina var. javorkae
• Crataegus monogyna f. semperflorens
• Crataegus monogyna f. aristata-serrata
• Oxyacantha monogyna var. trifida
• Crataegus monogyna var. sericea
• Crataegus monogyna f. rotundicarpa
• Crataegus monogyna var. splendens
• Crataegus monogyna f. stricta
• Crataegus monogyna f. stricta
• Crataegus monogyna f. subintegra
• Crataegus monogyna f. subpinnatifida
• Crataegus fissa
• Crataegus destefani
• Crataegus dissecta
• Crataegus diversifolia
• Crataegus elegans
• Crataegus monogyna var. pyramidalis
• Crataegus monogyna var. lanigera
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. nordica
• Crataegus monogyna var. oliveriana
• Crataegus monogyna var. orthocalyx
• Crataegus monogyna f. pendula
• Crataegus monogyna var. pendula-rosea
• Crataegus monogyna f. pilifera
• Crataegus monogyna f. pinnatifida
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. plesivecensis
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. tauscheri
• Crataegus oxyacantha variegata
• Crataegus oxyacantha splendens
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. reginae
• Crataegus oxyacantha rigida
• Crataegus oxyacantha semperflorens
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. stricta
• Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. subtriloba
• Crataegus oxyacantha trifida
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. triloba
• Crataegus oxyacantha rosea-superba
• Crataegus monogyna var. plesivecensis
• Crataegus brevispina var. microphylla
• Oxyacantha monogyna
• Oxyacantha monogyna var. cuneata
• Crataegus aguilaris
• Crataegus oxyacantha lambertii
• Crataegus alemanniensis
• Crataegus alemanniensis f. microalemanniensis
• Mespilus monogyna var. pinnatifida
• Crataegus alemanniensis var. orientobaltica
• Crataegus monogyna var. odemisii
• Crataegus monogyna f. szaferi
• Crataegus monogyna var. poloniensis
• Crataegus monogyna var. polonskiana
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. polyacantha
• Crataegus monogyna f. polyacantha
• Crataegus alemanniensis var. subborealis
• Crataegus monogyna subvar. lucidula
• Crataegus bruantii
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. latiloba
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. maritima
• Crataegus monogyna f. microcarpa
• Crataegus oxyacantha pseudomonogynus
• Crataegus monogyna var. latimonogyna
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. pseudolaciniatus
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. leiomonogyna
• Crataegus monogyna f. liocarpa
• Crataegus monogyna var. mandyi
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. aegeica
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. aguilaris
• Crataegus monogyna f. albanthera
• Crataegus monogyna var. arborescens
• Crataegus monogyna var. aurea
• Crataegus monogyna var. azarella
• Crataegus monogyna f. azarella
• Crataegus monogyna var. horrida
• Crataegus monogyna var. incisifolia
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. inermis
• Crataegus monogyna var. inermis-compacta
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. insengae
• Crataegus monogyna var. insengae
• Crataegus monogyna f. insengae
• Crataegus monogyna var. insularis
• Crataegus monogyna var. javorkae
• Crataegus monogyna f. karpatii
• Crataegus monogyna var. acutiloba
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. acutiloba
• Crataegus monogyna f. biflora
• Crataegus monogyna var. biserrata
• Crataegus monogyna var. coccinea
• Crataegus monogyna var. compacta
• Crataegus monogyna var. contracta
• Crataegus monogyna var. coriacea
• Crataegus monogyna f. decussata
• Crataegus monogyna var. decussata
• Crataegus monogyna var. denudata
• Crataegus monogyna f. denudata
• Crataegus monogyna f. dissecta
• Crataegus monogyna var. dissecta
• Crataegus monogyna var. csatoi
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. azarella
• Crataegus monogyna var. bicolor
• Crataegus monogyna fastigiata
• Crataegus monogyna f. ferox
• Crataegus monogyna filicifolia
• Crataegus monogyna f. fissa
• Crataegus monogyna f. flexuosa
• Mespilus pectinata
• Crataegus monogyna var. foucaudii
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. saccardyana
• Mespilus oxyacantha f. petermannii
• Mespilus oxyacantha var. praecox
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. coriacea
• Mespilus oxyacantha var. triloba
• Crataegus oxyacantha f. petermannii
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. plena
• Crataegus oxyacantha f. plena
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. pendula
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. pendula
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. monogyna
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. laciniata
• Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. monogyna
• Crataegus oxyacantha monogyna
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. monostyla
• Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. maura
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. lagenariformis
• Crataegus oxyacantha liocalyx
• Crataegus oxyacantha lobata
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. hirsuta
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. flexuosa
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. horrida
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. horrida
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. gumpperi-bicolor
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. insengae
• Crataegus oxyacantha integerrimus
• Crataegus oxyacantha glabra
• Crataegus oxyacantha fastigiata
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. ferox
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. filicifolia
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. discolor
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. elegans
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. cossonii
• Crataegus oxyacantha decussata
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. caucasica
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. berberifolia
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. biflora
• Crataegus thyrsoidea
• Crataegus transalpina
• Crataegus triloba
• Crataegus oxyacantha var. brevispina
• Crataegus oxyacantha f. candida
• Crataegus xeromorpha
• Crataegus subintegriloba
• Crataegus sublucens
• Crataegus splendens
• Crataegus subborealis
• Crataegus segobricensis
• Crataegus septempartita
• Crataegus monogyna var. flabellata
• Mespilus maura
• Crataegus curvisepala subsp. colorata
• Crataegus insengae
• Mespilus monogyna var. hirsuta
• Crataegus paucifoliata
• Crataegus petiolulata
• Mespilus monogyna var. horrida
• Mespilus monogyna f. horrida
• Crataegus monogyna var. pilifera
• Mespilus monogyna var. cuneata
• Mespilus diversifolia
• Mespilus monogyna var. decussata
• Crataegus poloniensis
• Crataegus monogyna subsp. transalpina
• Crataegus monogyna f. trifida
• Crataegus monogyna f. trilobata
• Crataegus monogyna f. variegata
• Crataegus monogyna var. villosa
• Crataegus monogyna f. villosa
• Crataegus oxyacantha wallrothii

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Rosales and the family Rosaceae, it is classified under the genus Crataegus.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant, Crataegus monogyna, exhibits a specific distribution pattern across the northern reaches of the European continent. It can be found growing naturally throughout various regions of Northern Europe. Specifically, its presence is documented in the coastal and inland areas of Denmark and Finland. The species also thrives across the islands of Great Britain and Ireland. Furthermore, its geographical range extends into the rugged landscapes of Norway.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Crataegus monogyna is characterized by its versatile adaptability across diverse landscapes and significant altitudinal variations. It is frequently found inhabiting forest edges, mountains, rivers, shrubberies, and dense forest environments. The species demonstrates a wide elevational distribution, with recorded ranges varying by location; in some ecological niches, it occupies altitudes ranging from 450 m to a mean of 1175 m AMSL, while in other regions, it is found between 1200 m and 1550 m AMSL, reaching a maximum elevation of 1900 m AMSL. Furthermore, the plant possesses biological defense mechanisms to ensure its survival within these competitive habitats.

Defense :

yes

Elevational range max:

1550 m AMSL

Elevational range max:

1900 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

1369 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

1175 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

1200 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

450 m AMSL

Habitat :

forest edges, mountains, rivers, shrubberies

Habitat :

forest, mountains

Life history

The life history of Crataegus monogyna is characterized by its status as a long-lived perennial plant, with an impressive lifespan that can extend to 100 years. As a phanerophyte, it maintains its photosynthetic organs on woody stems above the ground, exhibiting a robust growth habit suitable for various ecological niches. The species follows a deciduous pattern, shedding its foliage annually in response to seasonal changes. This perennial lifecycle ensures a stable presence in its habitat, allowing the plant to undergo repeated reproductive cycles over many decades.

Deciduousness :

deciduous

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Lifespan :

100

Morphology

The morphology of Crataegus monogyna is characterized by a woody, self-supporting growth form that typically manifests as either a shrub or a tree. As a terrestrial and independent species, it does not function as a parasite or an epiphyte. The plant exhibits significant variability in stature; depending on environmental conditions and specific classifications, its height can range from a minimum of 1.8 meters to a maximum of 10 meters, with mean heights recorded at approximately 4.5 meters or 5.66 meters. Its structural composition is distinctly woody, providing the necessary rigidity for its self-supporting habit without the need for climbing mechanisms such as vines or lianas.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

shrub

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

10 m

Plant height max:

6 m

Plant height mean:

5.66166666666667 m

Plant height mean:

4.5 m

Plant height min:

1.8 m

Plant height min:

3 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Crataegus monogyna is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway and a non-carnivorous nutritional strategy, lacking the ability to fix nitrogen. Its leaf morphology is distinctly lobed, with dimensions that vary significantly across its structure; leaf length typically ranges from a minimum of 0.5 cm to a maximum of 9 cm, with a recorded mean length of 7 cm and a secondary measured mean of 5.8 cm. The leaf width exhibits a broad range, from a minimum of 0.8 cm to a maximum of 7 cm, with a mean width of 4 cm. In terms of surface area, the plant maintains a mean leaf size of 4.9114 cm², and it possesses a mean Specific Leaf Area (SLA) of 113.36 cm²/g, reflecting its leaf mass per unit area and its efficiency in light interception and resource allocation.

Carnivory :

non-carnivorous

Leaf form :

lobed

Leaf length max:

5.8 cm

Leaf length max:

9 cm

Leaf length mean:

7 cm

Leaf length min:

0.5 cm

Leaf length min:

5 cm

Leaf size mean:

4.9114 cm²

Leaf width max:

7 cm

Leaf width mean:

4 cm

Leaf width min:

0.8 cm

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Specific Leaf Area (SLA) mean:

113.36 cm²/g

Reproduction

The reproduction of Crataegus monogyna is characterized by a biotic pollination syndrome, primarily driven by insects. The flowering process occurs within a seasonal window, typically starting around February or May and concluding in June. During this period, the plant produces white flowers that vary in size, with lengths ranging from 0.4 cm to 1.5 cm and widths between 0.8 cm and 1.5 cm, arranged in inflorescences measuring between 0.03 m and 0.04 m in length. Reproduction is strictly sexual, as both self-fertilization and asexual reproduction are absent. Following successful pollination, the plant develops fleshy, indehiscent fruits classified as drupes. These red fruits exhibit a mean length of approximately 0.9 cm to 1.055 cm (with a range of 0.6 cm to 1 cm) and a mean width of 0.815 cm to 0.9 cm (ranging from 0.5 cm to 1 cm). The seeds within these fruits are consistent in size, with a mean length of 8.1 mm and a constant seed volume of 55 mm³. Seed mass varies significantly, with a mean of approximately 0.0901 g, a minimum of 0.02197 g, and a maximum of 0.42 g. Dispersal of the seeds is zoochorous, meaning they are spread by animals, which aids in the plant's propagation.

Dehiscence :

indehiscent

Dispersal syndrome :

zoochorous

Flower colour :

white

Flower length max:

0.8 cm

Flower length max:

1.5 cm

Flower length min:

0.4 cm

Flower length min:

1.2 cm

Flower width max:

1.5 cm

Flower width min:

0.8 cm

Flowering time :

Feb

Flowering time :

Jun

Flowering time :

May

Fruit colour :

red

Fruit dryness :

fleshy

Fruit length max:

1 cm

Fruit length mean:

1.055 cm

Fruit length mean:

0.9 cm

Fruit length min:

0.6 cm

Fruit length min:

0.8 cm

Fruit type :

drupe

Fruit width max:

1 cm

Fruit width mean:

0.815 cm

Fruit width mean:

0.9 cm

Fruit width min:

0.5 cm

Fruit width min:

0.8 cm

Inflorescence length max:

0.04 m

Inflorescence length min:

0.03 m

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Reproduction asexual :

absent

Seed length mean:

8.1 mm

Seed mass max:

0.42 g

Seed mass mean:

0.0901174608333333 g

Seed mass min:

0.02197 g

Seed volume max:

55 mm³

Self fertilization :

absent

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Crataegus monogyna has 5 reported plant parts identified across 17 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include fruit, flower, leaf, root, stem.

Fruit

1. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Phytochemical analysis : PCA
3. Planta medica
4. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine
5. Acta medica Iranica

Flower

1. Phytochemical analysis : PCA
2. Orvosi hetilap
3. Planta medica
4. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
5. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

Leaf

1. Planta medica
2. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
3. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Arzneimittel-Forschung

Root

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Stem

1. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)

Chemicals

Crataegus monogyna has 131 reported phytochemicals identified across 17 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Flavonoids, Proanthocyanidins, Vitexin, CHLOROGENIC ACID, Procyanidin.

Flavonoids

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Planta medica
4. Journal of chromatography. A
5. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

Proanthocyanidins

1. Dr. Duke
2. Planta medica
3. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
4. Die Pharmazie

Vitexin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmacological reports : PR
3. Journal of chromatography. A
4. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

CHLOROGENIC ACID

1. Dr. Duke
2. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
3. Life (Basel, Switzerland)

Procyanidin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Planta medica

polyphenols

1. Food chemistry
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Phytotherapy research : PTR

quercetin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Journal of chromatography. A

CALCIUM

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes

Flavonoid

1. Food chemistry
2. Arzneimittel-Forschung

Hyperoside

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of chromatography. A

Activities

Crataegus monogyna has 517 reported activities identified across 17 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Cytoprotective, Antibacterial, Anticancer.

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Planta medica
3. Food technology and biotechnology
4. Drug and chemical toxicology
5. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

Antimicrobial

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
3. Acta biochimica Polonica

Cytoprotective

1. Dr. Duke
2. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine
3. Acta medica Iranica

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine

Anticancer

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)

Antidiabetic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antiproliferative

1. Dr. Duke
2. Food technology and biotechnology

Cardioprotective

1. Dr. Duke
2. Life (Basel, Switzerland)

Hepatoprotective

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)

Hypolipidemic

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Environmental toxicology

Conditions

Crataegus monogyna has 36 reported investigations on conditions identified across 17 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include Escherichia coli, arrhythmia, cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, inflammation.

Escherichia coli

1. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine
2. Pharmaceutical biology

Arrhythmia

1. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology
2. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

Cardiovascular diseases

1. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing
2. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Heart failure

1. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing
2. American family physician

Inflammation

1. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Environmental toxicology

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

1. International journal of biological macromolecules
2. Frontiers in nutrition

Bacillus cereus

1. Pharmaceutical biology

Bacillus megaterium

1. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine

Enterococcus faecalis

1. Pharmaceutical biology

Listeria monocytogenes

1. Pharmaceutical biology

Preparations

Crataegus monogyna has 11 reported preparations identified across 17 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include Antisstress I, Antisstress II, aqueous extract, crude extracts, extracts.

Antisstress i

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Antisstress ii

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Aqueous extract

1. Acta medica Iranica

Crude extracts

1. Andrologia

Extracts

1. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences

Flowers

1. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

Fresh vegetative and reproductive organs

1. Arzneimittel-Forschung

Leaves

1. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

Three different herbal matrices

1. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry

Triturations of the dry extracts with lactose

1. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry