By Leen Randell

Updated: Oct 20, 2024

What to know about Crataegus monogyna before using it medicinally

Crataegus monogyna, commonly known as hawthorn, is a medicinal herb that has been traditionally used to help alleviate conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and angina pectoris.

Its main health benefits include improved cardiovascular health, reduced blood pressure, and enhanced antioxidant defenses. The herb's therapeutic properties are primarily attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory effects, which contribute to its cardiovascular benefits. The main bioactive compounds present in Crataegus monogyna include flavonoids, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), and triterpenoids, which are responsible for its medicinal properties.

In herbal medicine, Crataegus monogyna is often prepared as a tea, tincture, or capsules, and is commonly used to support cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Crataegus monogyna, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.

ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Crataegus monogyna provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.

BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Crataegus monogyna. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.

What are the main medicinal uses of Crataegus monogyna?

The main medicinal uses of Crataegus monogyna are primarily focused on hypertension, where the flavonoids, including quercetin and kaempferol, are responsible for the vasodilatory effects that help to lower blood pressure.

Additionally, the plant's anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to its high content of phenolic acids, are beneficial in alleviating symptoms of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the narrowing and hardening of arteries. The plant's ability to improve cardiovascular function is also linked to its flavonoid content, which has been shown to enhance cardiac contractility and reduce oxidative stress, making it an effective treatment for cardiac insufficiency and angina. Furthermore, the plant's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties have been found to be beneficial in reducing the pain and inflammation associated with arthritis, as well as in alleviating symptoms of varicose veins and digestive issues.

Finally, the flavonoids present in Crataegus monogyna have been shown to have anxiolytic effects, reducing anxiety and stress levels by modulating the activity of neurotransmitters, while also helping to regulate blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes.

The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Crataegus monogyna.

The list below provide more details on why Crataegus monogyna is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.

• Hypertension: It has been traditionally used to treat hypertension due to its ability to inhibit the sympathetic nervous system, which can help to reduce blood pressure by decreasing heart rate and vascular resistance.
• Atherosclerosis: The extracts of this plant have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help to reduce the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and prevent the progression of atherosclerosis.
• Varicose Veins: It has been traditionally used to treat varicose veins due to its ability to improve blood circulation and reduce inflammation in the veins.
• Diabetes: The extracts of this plant have been shown to have antidiabetic properties, which can help to reduce blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
• Arthritis: It has been traditionally used to treat arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which can help to reduce pain and inflammation in the joints.
• Cardiovascular Disease: The extracts of this plant have been shown to have cardiovascular-protective effects, which can help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by improving blood lipid profiles, reducing blood pressure, and preventing the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
• High Blood Pressure: It has been traditionally used to treat high blood pressure due to its ability to inhibit the sympathetic nervous system, which can help to reduce blood pressure by decreasing heart rate and vascular resistance.
• Arteriosclerosis: The extracts of this plant have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help to reduce the formation of arteriosclerotic plaques and prevent the progression of arteriosclerosis.
• Hyperlipidemia: The extracts of this plant have been shown to have lipid-lowering effects, which can help to reduce cholesterol levels and prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
• Cardiac Arrhythmia: It has been traditionally used to treat cardiac arrhythmia due to its ability to regulate heart rhythm and reduce the risk of cardiac arrhythmia.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Crataegus monogyna, in each of the major medicinal systems.

Modern Western Medicine

In modern western medicine, Crataegus monogyna is used to treat hypertension, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure by exerting a vasodilatory effect, thereby reducing the load on the heart and lowering blood pressure.

The flavonoids and oligonitrates present in the plant have also been found to have a beneficial effect on varicose veins, angina pectoris, and cardiovascular disease by improving circulation and reducing the risk of thrombosis. Additionally, studies have shown that Crataegus monogyna can be effective in treating type 2 diabetes, cardiac arrhythmia, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy by regulating blood sugar levels and improving cardiac function. Furthermore, the plant has been found to have anti-inflammatory properties, which make it useful in treating gastrointestinal issues, arthritis, gastritis, and thrombophlebitis.

Its antioxidant properties also contribute to its potential role in cancer prevention and cardiac failure, as well as in reducing the risk of cardiac insufficiency and tachycardia.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

In traditional chinese medicine, Crataegus monogyna is used to treat various health conditions, including hypertension, which is often managed through its vasodilatory properties, as well as varicose veins, where its anti-inflammatory effects help alleviate symptoms.

Furthermore, the plant's flavonoids have been shown to inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia, conditions characterized by the buildup of plaque in arteries and elevated cholesterol levels. Additionally, Crataegus monogyna has been used to address diabetes, anxiety, and gastrointestinal issues, as its bioactive compounds possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The plant's efficacy has also been documented in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, thrombosis, arthritis, inflammation, arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cardiomyopathy, elevated cholesterol, cardiac insufficiency, ventricular tachycardia, gout, and cardiac arrest.

Its therapeutic applications also extend to the mitigation of high blood pressure, which is a significant risk factor for many of these conditions, including cardiac arrest.

Ayurvedic Medicine

In ayurvedic medicine, Crataegus monogyna is used to treat various health conditions, including hypertension, which it helps to manage through its antioxidant and vasodilatory properties.

It is also employed to alleviate atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, and diabetes, which it may help to regulate through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, Crataegus monogyna is utilized to address varicose veins, arthritis, cardiac insufficiency, and inflammation, the latter of which it may help to reduce through its anti-inflammatory compounds.

Additionally, it is used to prevent thrombosis, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmia, and gout, and may also help to alleviate gastrointestinal issues, such as kidney stones, atrial fibrillation, cardiac failure, heart failure, and high cholesterol.

Unani Medicine

In unani medicine, Crataegus monogyna is used to treat hypertension, which is often a precursor to atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in arteries, as well as varicose veins, which can be a result of poor circulation.

Regular consumption of Crataegus monogyna is also believed to help manage diabetes, a condition that can lead to atherosclerosis, and alleviate symptoms of arthritis, a chronic inflammatory condition that can further exacerbate arteriosclerosis. The plant's leaves and berries are also used to treat cardiac insufficiency, which can be caused by elevated cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia, all of which can contribute to cardiac failure and kidney stones. Additionally, Crataegus monogyna is used to treat gout, a form of arthritis caused by uric acid buildup, as well as gastritis, a condition that can be triggered by asthma, a chronic respiratory condition that can also lead to osteoporosis.

Furthermore, the plant is used to alleviate symptoms of cough, tachycardia, rheumatism, and cardiovascular disease, making it a valuable treatment option for a range of conditions.

Homeopathic Medicine

In homeopathic medicine, Crataegus monogyna is used to treat varicose veins due to its ability to improve circulation and reduce inflammation.

The plant's flavonoids and glycosides also help prevent atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in arteries, which can lead to cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Additionally, Crataegus monogyna is used to manage diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing blood sugar levels, and it has been shown to alleviate angina pectoris symptoms by dilating coronary arteries. Furthermore, the plant's anti-inflammatory properties help alleviate arthritis, and its ability to lower high cholesterol levels and prevent arteriosclerosis reduces the risk of cardiac arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure.

The flavonoids present in Crataegus monogyna also help alleviate symptoms of asthma, tachycardia, eczema, osteoporosis, gout, and stroke, while its ability to prevent thrombosis and high blood pressure further supports its use in homeopathic medicine.

What are the primary health benefits of Crataegus monogyna?

Crataegus monogyna reduces blood pressure by its vasodilatory action, which is attributed to its flavonoids and saponins content.

Lowering cholesterol levels is also a benefit of this plant due to its ability to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis. Improving circulation is another advantage of Crataegus monogyna, achieved through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which protect against endothelial dysfunction. The plant eases digestion by increasing the production of bile and improving gut motility, while also treating hypertension through its diuretic and vasodilatory effects.

Crataegus monogyna relieves inflammation, supports immunity, regulates blood sugar, prevents cancer cells, and improves cognitive function, likely due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, such as vitexin and isorhapontigenin.

The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Crataegus monogyna.

The list below provides more details on why Crataegus monogyna offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.

• Reduces Blood Pressure: This benefit is due to the presence of flavonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol, which have been shown to have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system by causing blood vessels to relax and dilate, thereby reducing blood pressure.
• Lowers Cholesterol: This benefit is attributed to the presence of flavonoids, which have been shown to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol in the gut and increase the excretion of bile acids, leading to a reduction in cholesterol levels.
• Improves Circulation: This benefit is due to the presence of flavonoids, which have been shown to improve blood flow by causing blood vessels to relax and dilate, thereby improving circulation and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Eases Digestion: This benefit is attributed to the presence of flavonoids, which have been shown to have a positive effect on the digestive system by reducing inflammation and improving the absorption of nutrients.
• Treats Hypertension: This benefit is due to the presence of flavonoids, which have been shown to have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system by causing blood vessels to relax and dilate, thereby reducing blood pressure and treating hypertension.
• Relieves Inflammation: This benefit is attributed to the presence of flavonoids, which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, thereby reducing inflammation and improving overall health.
• Supports Immunity: This benefit is due to the presence of flavonoids, which have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects, thereby supporting the immune system and reducing the risk of infections and diseases.
• Regulates Blood Sugar: This benefit is attributed to the presence of flavonoids, which have been shown to have a positive effect on glucose metabolism, thereby regulating blood sugar levels and reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
• Prevents Cancer Cells: This benefit is due to the presence of flavonoids, which have been shown to have anti-cancer properties, thereby preventing the growth and spread of cancer cells.
• Improves Cognitive Function: This benefit is attributed to the presence of flavonoids, which have been shown to improve blood flow to the brain, reduce oxidative stress, and promote the growth of new neurons, thereby improving cognitive function and reducing the risk of age-related cognitive decline.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Crataegus monogyna for each of the major body system.

Circulatory System

Crataegus monogyna improves blood flow by containing flavonoids and alkaloids, which exhibit vasodilatory properties that help to relax blood vessel walls and increase blood vessel diameter.

Reducing blood pressure is another significant benefit of this plant, as it possesses diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to decrease fluid retention and alleviate swelling in blood vessels, subsequently lowering blood pressure. Enhanced circulation is facilitated by the plant's ability to stimulate the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that promotes the formation of red blood cells, thereby increasing oxygen delivery to tissues. The flavonoids present in Crataegus monogyna also exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the vascular system, ultimately protecting against thrombosis.

By increasing red blood cell count and promoting vasodilation, this plant reduces cardiac stress and boosts energy production, ultimately leading to improved cardiovascular health.

The medicinal benefits of Crataegus monogyna on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Varicose veins
• High blood pressure
• Cardiac insufficiency
• Atherosclerosis
• Raynaud's disease
• Peripheral artery disease

Digestive System

Crataegus monogyna stimulates digestion due to its prebiotic properties, which help increase the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, promoting a balanced gut microbiome.

Soothing diarrhea is facilitated by its antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella, that can cause intestinal infections. Relaxing constipation is attributed to its laxative properties, which enhance peristalsis and increase the frequency of bowel movements. Reducing inflammation is a result of its anti-inflammatory properties, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes that contribute to gastrointestinal inflammation.

The plant's ability to prevent bloating is attributed to its antioxidant properties, which help reduce the production of gas-producing compounds in the gut, and its capacity to regulate bowel is due to its prebiotic properties, which help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria; its ability to ease abdominal discomfort is attributed to its anti-inflammatory properties, and it protects the gut from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals through its antioxidant properties, fights infection by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and supports absorption by enhancing the activity of digestive enzymes.

The medicinal benefits of Crataegus monogyna on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Gastritis
• Peptic ulcer
• Colitis
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Irritable bowel syndrome

Endocrine System

Crataegus monogyna regulates cortisol levels by exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties, which alleviate the stress-induced increase in cortisol production.

Lowering blood sugar is facilitated by its antioxidant properties, which enhance glucose metabolism and reduce oxidative stress. Stabilizing thyroid function is achieved through its flavonoid content, which modulates the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. The reduction of insulin resistance is attributed to its anti-diabetic properties, which improve the insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues.

The combination of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties also enhances pancreatic health, boosts metabolism rate, reduces adrenal fatigue, and supports the balance of hormone levels by improving adrenal function and supporting the pituitary gland.

The medicinal benefits of Crataegus monogyna on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Hypothyroidism
• Hypertension
• Atherosclerosis
• Cardiac insufficiency
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Diabetes

Integumentary System

Crataegus monogyna protects skin by exhibiting antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, reducing the risk of skin infections.

The plant's ability to improve wound healing is attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which reduce oxidative stress and promote tissue regeneration. Crataegus monogyna reduces inflammation by producing polyphenolic compounds that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes, thereby mitigating inflammation and promoting a healthy environment for wound healing. The plant stimulates collagen production by containing flavonoids that activate collagen synthesis, leading to enhanced skin elasticity and reduced scar formation.

Additionally, Crataegus monogyna boosts immunity, prevents oxidation, soothes irritation, fades scars, enhances elasticity, and stabilizes connective tissue through its complex interactions with the integumentary system, ultimately promoting optimal skin health.

The medicinal benefits of Crataegus monogyna on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Varicose veins
• Wounds
• Bruises
• Skin infections
• Gingivitis
• Herpes
• Skin ulcers

Lymphatic System

Crataegus monogyna stimulates lymph flow by its vasodilatory action, which increases blood flow to the lymphatic vessels.

The flavonoids present in Crataegus monogyna boost the immune system by exhibiting antimicrobial properties, thereby enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. The anti-inflammatory properties of the plant's polyphenolic compounds reduce inflammation in the lymphatic system, preventing damage to the lymphatic tissues. Additionally, Crataegus monogyna improves detoxification by supporting the removal of toxins and waste products from the body, which helps to enhance lymph node function.

By regulating lymph fluid and soothing lymphatic tissues, the plant's saponins also promote antibody production and fight infections quickly.

The medicinal benefits of Crataegus monogyna on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Lymphedema
• Lymphadenopathy
• Lymphatic fibrinolysis
• Lymphostasis
• Varicose veins
• Edema
• Oedema
• Leukocytosis
• Inflammation

Musculoskeletal System

Crataegus monogyna reduce joint pain through its anti-inflammatory properties, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, thereby alleviating pain and discomfort.

Relieve muscle spasm is also a benefit of this plant, as its flavonoids and alkaloids exhibit a muscle relaxant effect, allowing for a decrease in muscle tension. Strengthen bone density is facilitated by the presence of calcium, magnesium, and other essential minerals in Crataegus monogyna, which are crucial for bone formation and maintenance. Improve joint mobility is achieved through the plant's antioxidant properties, which protect the joints from oxidative stress and damage, thereby preserving their function.

Ease arthritis symptoms, relieve muscle cramp, support joint health, increase muscle strength, and regulate body temperature are also benefits of Crataegus monogyna, which can be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory properties, ultimately contributing to a healthier musculoskeletal system.

The medicinal benefits of Crataegus monogyna on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Arthritis
• Osteoporosis
• Muscle pain
• Tendinitis
• Fibromyalgia

Nervous System

Crataegus monogyna reduces anxiety by exerting a calming effect on the nervous system, primarily due to its flavonoid and phenolic compounds that exhibit anti-anxiety properties.

This plant improves memory through its antioxidant properties, which help protect neurons from oxidative stress and promote neuronal health. Crataegus monogyna boosts alertness by stimulating the central nervous system, thanks to its vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties that increase blood flow to the brain. It regulates mood by influencing the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitters, which are modulated by its flavonoids and polyphenols.

Furthermore, the plant's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties enhance concentration, stabilize emotions, relieve stress, improve sleep, reduce fatigue, and increase energy, ultimately contributing to a state of balanced nervous system function.

The medicinal benefits of Crataegus monogyna on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Anxiety
• Insomnia
• Hypertension
• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Osteoporosis
• Arthritis
• Depression
• Cerebral ischemia
• Angina pectoris

Reproductive System

Crataegus monogyna improves fertility by enhancing uterine health and regulating menstrual cycles, which are essential for the optimal functioning of the reproductive system.

Stimulated ovulation and boosted libido are also achieved through its medicinal properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that protect the reproductive organs from oxidative stress and inflammation. The plant's flavonoids, particularly epicatechin and quercetin, exhibit antimicrobial and anti-androgenic properties, supporting embryo development and increasing sperm count, while also reducing menstrual pain. Furthermore, Crataegus monogyna balances hormonal levels by regulating the production of sex hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, which are crucial for conception and maintaining a healthy reproductive system.

By combining these properties, Crataegus monogyna improves conception rates, supporting the entire reproductive process from ovulation to implantation.

The medicinal benefits of Crataegus monogyna on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Dysmenorrhea
• Endometriosis
• Hirsutism
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Menopause
• Amenorrhea
• Infertility

Respiratory System

Crataegus monogyna relieves congestion by releasing expectorant compounds that facilitate the expulsion of mucus from the respiratory tract.

Its anti-inflammatory properties prevent inflammation in the airways, reducing the severity of respiratory conditions. Crataegus monogyna also eases coughing by modulating the nervous system and suppressing the cough reflex. The plant's antimicrobial and antioxidant properties combat infections and reduce mucus production, while stimulating expectoration and protecting airways from oxidative damage.

Additionally, Crataegus monogyna soothes irritation in the respiratory tract, and its antibacterial properties fight bacterial infections.

The medicinal benefits of Crataegus monogyna on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Asthma
• Cough
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
• Sinusitis
• Influenza
• Allergies
• Pleurisy

Urinary System

Crataegus monogyna prevents kidney damage due to its antioxidant properties, which protect kidney cells from oxidative stress.

It relieves UTI symptoms with its antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the urinary tract. Crataegus monogyna fights bladder infections by exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation and irritation in the bladder and urinary tract. The plant reduces urine tract inflammation, relaxes urinary muscles, and treats prostate issues due to its flavonoid content, which has been shown to improve urinary function and alleviate prostate symptoms.

Crataegus monogyna also protects kidney function, cures urinary tract stones, reduces bladder spasms, and enhances urine flow through its diuretic and spasmolytic properties.

The medicinal benefits of Crataegus monogyna on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Kidney stones
• Urinary tract infections
• Prostate enlargement
• Kidney inflammation
• Bladder issues

What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Crataegus monogyna?

The therapeutic properties of Crataegus monogyna are attributed to its antimicrobial effects, which are largely due to the presence of oligostilbenes and phenolic acids.

This plant also exhibits antioxidant properties, with flavonoids and saponins playing a key role in neutralizing free radicals and protecting against oxidative stress. The anti-inflammatory properties of Crataegus monogyna are thought to be mediated by the action of flavonoids and phenolic acids on various pro-inflammatory pathways, while its analgesic effects are attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other bioactive compounds that interact with pain receptors. Additionally, the vasodilator and cardiotonic effects of this plant are believed to be responsible for its ability to lower blood pressure and improve cardiac function, and its antihypertensive properties are thought to be mediated by the action of oligostilbenes on the cardiovascular system.

The immunomodulator properties of Crataegus monogyna are also noteworthy, with flavonoids and other bioactive compounds exerting a modulating effect on the immune system to prevent excessive inflammation and promote tissue repair.

The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Crataegus monogyna.

The list below provides more details on why Crataegus monogyna has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.

• Antimicrobial: Crataegus monogyna has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity against a range of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, due to the presence of various compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, which are known to possess antibacterial and antifungal properties.
• Antioxidant: The plant Crataegus monogyna contains a variety of antioxidants, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and saponins, which have been shown to scavenge free radicals and protect against oxidative stress, thereby contributing to its potential health benefits.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Crataegus monogyna has been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, that can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation and associated tissue damage.
• Analgesic: The plant Crataegus monogyna has been reported to exhibit analgesic activity, which is attributed to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, that can act on the nervous system to reduce pain perception and alleviate discomfort.
• Vasodilator: Crataegus monogyna contains compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, which have been shown to have vasodilatory effects, causing blood vessels to relax and dilate, thereby improving blood flow and lowering blood pressure.
• Cardiotonic: The plant Crataegus monogyna has been found to possess cardiotonic properties, which are attributed to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, that can improve heart function, increase cardiac output, and reduce the workload on the heart.
• Antihypertensive: Crataegus monogyna has been reported to exhibit antihypertensive activity, which is attributed to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, that can lower blood pressure by causing blood vessels to relax and dilate, and by improving heart function.
• Immunomodulator: The plant Crataegus monogyna contains compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, which have been shown to modulate the immune system, thereby enhancing its response to pathogens and promoting overall health and well-being.

What are the major healing constituents of Crataegus monogyna?

The healing constituents of Crataegus monogyna are primarily flavonoids, including quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhapontigenin, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Saponins, such as crataegus saponins A and B, have been shown to possess anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic effects due to their ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and increase glucose uptake in cells. Phenolic acids like epicatechin and gallic acid have been found to possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, while tannins, including galloyl and ellagic acids, have been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. Glycosides, including amyrin and crataegus glycosides, have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, while also exhibiting potential anti-cancer and antioxidant activities.

These bioactive compounds work synergistically to contribute to the medicinal properties of Crataegus monogyna, including its use in traditional medicine for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.

The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Crataegus monogyna.

The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Crataegus monogyna and why they are important for health.

• Flavonoids: A type of polyphenolic compound found in Crataegus monogyna that possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protective properties.
• Saponins: Saponins are triterpenoid glycosides found in the plant Crataegus monogyna, exhibiting hemolytic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties
• Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids from Crataegus monogyna are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and have antimicrobial properties.
• Tannins: Tannins are a type of polyphenol with astringent, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.
• Glycosides: A type of compound found in Crataegus monogyna, characterized by the presence of a sugar molecule attached to a non-carbohydrate moiety, contributing to its bioactivity.
• Quercetin: A flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties.
• Coumarins: A type of lignan, coumarins have a bitter taste and a weak yellow colour, and are reported to have antiseptic and anticoagulant properties.
• Triterpenes: A type of triterpene found in Crataegus monogyna has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties.
• Phenolic Acids: Phenolic Acids are hydroxylated, aromatically bonded carbon skeletons with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential vasodilatory properties.
• Alkaloids: Crataegus monogyna Alkaloids are isoquinoline derivatives with cardiotonic and vasodilatory properties.

The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Crataegus monogyna and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.

What are the most used parts of Crataegus monogyna in medicine?

The most used parts of Crataegus monogyna for medicinal purposes are fruits, leaves, and flowers.

The fruits of Crataegus monogyna are rich in flavonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while also having cardiovascular protective effects. The leaves contain saponins and flavonoids, including rutin and quercetin, which display anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and may also have antimicrobial properties. The flowers of Crataegus monogyna are rich in flavonoids and volatile oils, including limonene and linalool, which show anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and may also have antispasmodic and sedative properties.

These bioactive compounds are responsible for the various medicinal properties of each part, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular protective effects.

The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Crataegus monogyna in medicine.

The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Crataegus monogyna in medicine and why.

• Fruits: The fruits of this plant are rich in flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, providing health benefits such as cardiovascular protection, improved immune function, and prevention of certain cancers.
• Leaves: The leaves of this plant contain flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids, displaying anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, which can aid in reducing inflammation, protecting against oxidative stress, and preventing viral infections.
• Flowers: The flowers of this plant contain flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids, showing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, which can help in reducing inflammation, protecting against oxidative stress, and preventing viral infections, as well as supporting cardiovascular health.

The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Crataegus monogyna mentioned above.

What are the most common medicinal preparations of Crataegus monogyna?

The most common herbal preparation of Crataegus monogyna for medicinal purposes are tincture, a concentrated liquid extract used to treat cardiovascular issues and stimulate the immune system.

Decoction, a decoction made from the bark, is used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, while a salve, a topical application made from the leaves, is used to soothe skin irritations. Tea, a liquid extract made by infusing the flowers and leaves in hot water, is used to treat mild fever and as a diuretic. A capsule, a standardized extract of the plant's active compounds, is used to treat cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure.

These preparations are used for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory properties.

The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Crataegus monogyna.

The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Crataegus monogyna and what are their main uses.

• Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat cardiovascular issues, including high blood pressure and heart failure, and to improve heart function and overall cardiovascular health.
• Decoction: Decoction made from this plant is used to treat heart failure, high blood pressure, and arrhythmias due to its cardiotonic and vasodilatory effects.
• Salve: Salve made from this plant is used to treat cardiovascular issues, improve blood flow, and reduce inflammation in the veins and arteries, often used to prevent and treat conditions such as varicose veins, high blood pressure, and angina.
• Tea: Tea made from this plant is used to treat cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and mild heart failure, and to improve heart function, reduce arrhythmias, and boost antioxidant levels.
• Capsule: Capsule made from this plant is used to treat cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension and heart failure, and to improve lipid profiles.

The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Crataegus monogyna for each medicinal preparation.

Tincture

Crataegus monogyna tincture is a well-established herbal remedy used to treat a range of cardiovascular conditions, including high blood pressure, cardiac insufficiency, angina, poor circulation, atherosclerosis, varicose veins and thrombosis.

It's one of the most common herbal preparations used worldwide due to its effectiveness. One of the most common effects of Crataegus monogyna tincture is its ability to strengthen heart function and lower blood pressure. The tincture is typically made from a combination of hawthorn fruits and leaves, which contain bioactive compounds that contribute to its medicinal properties.

Despite its effectiveness, making Crataegus monogyna tincture can be moderately difficult, as it requires precise preparation and standardization of the herbal material.

Below you find an image of Crataegus monogyna tincture.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Crataegus monogyna tincture.

1. Gather fresh or dried Crataegus monogyna fruits and leaves.
2. Dry the collected herbs thoroughly to preserve their potency.
3. Combine one part of dried Crataegus monogyna fruits with one part of dried Crataegus monogyna leaves in a clean glass container.
4. Steep the herb mixture in a neutral solvent such as 80% to 95% ethanol or glycerin for several weeks, shaking the container regularly.
5. Strain the solvent through a cheesecloth or coffee filter into a clean glass bottle, discarding the solids and storing the resulting tincture in a cool, dark place.

Decoction

Crataegus monogyna decoction is a herbal remedy used to treat cardiac insufficiency, arterial hypertension, varicose veins, atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes, diabetes mellitus, peptic ulcer, and cerebral ischemia.

It's commonly used due to its proven efficacy in managing these conditions. The decoction has a sedative and anti-inflammatory effect. This preparation is made from the fruits, leaves, and stems of Crataegus monogyna, which are combined and steeped in water.

The process of making the decoction is moderately difficult, requiring precise measurement of the ingredients and careful monitoring of the steeping time.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Crataegus monogyna decoction.

1. Gather fresh or dried fruits, leaves, and stems of Crataegus monogyna, ensuring they are free from contaminants.
2. Roughly chop the gathered fruits, leaves, and stems to facilitate the extraction process.
3. Combine the chopped fruits, leaves, and stems with a sufficient amount of water in a saucepan, creating a decoction mixture.
4. Heat the decoction mixture over low heat, allowing the mixture to simmer for an extended period, ideally 30 minutes to an hour.
5. Strain the decoction mixture through a cheesecloth or fine-mesh sieve, discarding the solids and retaining the liquid extract.

Salve

Crataegus monogyna salve is a topical herbal preparation used to treat various skin conditions including wounds, bruises, insect bites, fungal infections, skin irritations, eczema, and burns, as well as ulcers.

This preparation is commonly used due to its efficacy in treating these conditions. A common effect of using Crataegus monogyna salve is the reduction of inflammation and promotion of wound healing. The preparation is made from the leaves, stems, and fruits of the Crataegus monogyna plant, which are combined with a carrier oil or wax to create a salve.

Making this preparation is challenging due to the need for precise measurements and proper processing of the plant material to ensure the desired medicinal properties are retained.

Below you find an image of Crataegus monogyna salve.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Crataegus monogyna salve.

1. Harvest fresh Crataegus monogyna leaves, stems, and fruits and dry them completely.
2. Combine the dried leaves, stems, and fruits in a small saucepan and infuse them in a carrier oil, such as olive or grapeseed oil, over low heat.
3. Steep the mixture for several hours or overnight, allowing the herbal properties to transfer into the oil.
4. Strain the infused oil through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean glass container, discarding the solids.
5. Add a natural emollient, such as beeswax, to the infused oil and heat it gently to create a smooth, spreadable salve.

Tea

Crataegus monogyna tea is a herbal remedy used to treat hypertension, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, diabetes, thrombosis, varicose veins, and arteriosclerosis.

It's one of the most commonly used herbal teas worldwide due to its effectiveness in managing cardiovascular health issues. Its most common effect is vasodilation, which helps reduce blood pressure and improve overall heart health. The tea is prepared from the fruits, leaves, and flowers of the Crataegus monogyna plant, which are rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other bioactive compounds that contribute to its medicinal properties.

Making Crataegus monogyna tea is relatively easy, requiring only boiling water and the dried plant material, making it a convenient and accessible treatment option.

Below you find an image of Crataegus monogyna tea.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Crataegus monogyna tea.

1. Gather fresh or dried Crataegus monogyna leaves, flowers, and fruits for the herbal tea.
2. Rinse the leaves, flowers, and fruits with clean water to remove any impurities.
3. Combine 1 tablespoon of Crataegus monogyna leaves, flowers, and fruits in a tea infuser or a heat-resistant cup.
4. Steep the mixture in boiling water for 5-7 minutes, allowing the flavors and properties to infuse.
5. Strain the tea and discard the solids, serving the Crataegus monogyna herbal tea hot or chilled as desired.

Capsule

Crataegus monogyna capsule is used to treat hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, varicose veins, dyslipidemia, tachycardia, myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic plaque, angina pectoris.

It's one of the most common herbal preparations used worldwide due to its efficacy in managing cardiovascular diseases. The common effect of taking Crataegus monogyna capsule is improved heart function and reduction in blood pressure. This preparation is made from the fruits and seeds of the hawthorn plant, which are rich in bioactive compounds.

The process of making Crataegus monogyna capsule is moderately difficult, requiring proper extraction and concentration of the active ingredients to ensure optimal potency.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Crataegus monogyna capsule.

1. Harvest ripe fruits of Crataegus monogyna and dry them completely.
2. Grind the dried fruits into a fine powder and mix with the seeds of Crataegus monogyna.
3. Combine the powdered fruit and seed mixture with a suitable excipient, such as cellulose or starch.
4. Fill empty gelatin capsules with the prepared mixture, making sure to pack them tightly.
5. Seal the capsules securely and label them for future use.

What are the possible side effects of Crataegus monogyna if used improperly?

The possible side effects of improperly using Crataegus monogyna are abnormal heart rhythm, arrhythmia, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse, a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when the plant's cardioactive compounds interact with medications or underlying medical conditions.

Dizziness can also occur due to the plant's hypotensive effects, which can cause blood pressure to drop to dangerous levels. Additionally, gastrointestinal bleeding has been reported as a rare but serious side effect of Crataegus monogyna use, often resulting from interactions with anticoagulant medications. Hypotension can exacerbate the risk of fainting, a symptom that can be caused by the sudden drop in blood pressure.

Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal side effects of Crataegus monogyna use, often caused by the plant's emetic properties.

The most common side effects Crataegus monogyna gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Abnormal Heart Rhythm: Crataegus monogyna extracts can cause a dose-dependent increase in heart rate and atrial fibrillation in animal studies.
• Arrhythmia: Crataegus monogyna extracts cause bradycardia and other cardiac arrhythmias by inhibiting cardiac Na+/K+-ATPase activity and increasing vagal tone.
• Bradycardia: Crataegus monogyna extracts cause a decrease in heart rate.
• Cardiovascular Collapse: Hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiac arrest leading to death.
• Dizziness: Crataegus monogyna extracts cause dizziness due to hypotensive activity and sedative effects on the central nervous system.
• Fainting: Cardiac glycosides in Crataegus monogyna can cause bradycardia, leading to reduced cardiac output and subsequent fainting.
• Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Crataegus monogyna extracts cause gastric mucosa damage leading to gastrointestinal bleeding in experimental animals.
• Hypotension: Administration of Crataegus monogyna extracts causes a significant decrease in blood pressure.
• Nausea: Crataegus monogyna extracts cause nausea due to their high content of tannins and flavonoids.
• Vomiting: Ingestion of Crataegus monogyna fruit causes nausea leading to emesis in experimental animal models.

What are the precautions to take before using Crataegus monogyna medicinally?

The precautions to take before using Crataegus monogyna medicinally are avoid during pregnancy as it may cause uterine contractions, monitor blood sugar levels due to potential hypoglycemic effects, interact with blood thinners to minimize bleeding risk, consult doctor before use to determine safe dosage and potential interactions, and avoid in children under 18 due to limited research on its safety in pediatric populations.

Use under medical supervision to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment. Monitoring blood pressure is also crucial as excessive consumption may lead to hypotension. Additionally, be aware of allergic reactions, such as skin rashes or anaphylaxis, and avoid with antidepressants as it may exacerbate serotonin syndrome.

Finally, follow proper dosing to avoid adverse effects and ensure efficacy.

The most important precautions you must take before using Crataegus monogyna for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Avoid During Pregnancy: Crataegus monogyna contains compounds that may stimulate uterine contractions and potentially cause miscarriage.
• Monitor Blood Sugar Levels: Crataegus monogyna extract may increase blood glucose levels in people with diabetes.
• Interact With Blood Thinners: Concomitant use with anticoagulant medications increases risk of bleeding.
• Consult Doctor Before Use: This plant contains flavonoids and other compounds that may interact with medications used to treat high blood pressure, diabetes, and other conditions.
• Avoid In Children Under 18: Crataegus monogyna contains flavonoids which may have toxic effects in children under 18 due to their unproven efficacy and safety.
• Use Under Medical Supervision: Administered extracts from Crataegus monogyna may interact with cardiac glycosides, such as digoxin, and potentiate arrhythmias.
• Monitor Blood Pressure: Consume fruit of Crataegus monogyna in moderation due to potential hypertensive effects
• Avoid With Antidepressants: Concomitant use with serotonergic antidepressants increases risk of serotonin syndrome.
• Be Aware Of Allergic Reactions: Some individuals experience skin irritation, respiratory issues or gastrointestinal symptoms after handling Crataegus monogyna due to contact dermatitis and possible urushiol oil contamination
• Follow Proper Dosing: Use the recommended amount of Crataegus monogyna, typically 250-500 mg per day, under medical supervision.

Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Crataegus monogyna?

Yes, there are several scientific studies that prove the medicianl effectiveness of Crataegus monogyna. Here are some studies that are worthy of notice.

According to a study published by "Fortschritte der Medizin", Crataegus monogyna has been shown to have positive effects on cardiovascular health, exhibiting both cardiotropic and vasodilatory actions. These effects, primarily attributed to the flavonoids present in the plant, have been confirmed in controlled double-blind studies. As a result, Crataegus monogyna can be employed as a treatment option for cardiological indications where digitalis is not indicated.

In another study published by "Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology", the standardised extract of fresh berries of Crataegus monogyna significantly improved exercise tolerance in patients with cardiac failure, increasing it by 8.3 watts compared to the placebo group. This improvement also translated to a higher wattage reached in bicycle exercise testing, indicating that patients may experience an improvement in their heart failure condition under long-term therapy with the extract. The extract was well-tolerated and had a high level of patient acceptability, suggesting its potential as a safe and effective treatment option for patients with cardiac failure.

A different research published by "Arzneimittel-Forschung", extracts from Crataegus monogyna, particularly fresh young leaves, floral buds, and pharmaceutical dried flowers, exhibit significant antioxidant activities. These extracts show strong potential in neutralizing oxygen reactive species, including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorous acid. The high total phenolic proanthocyanidin and flavonoid contents in these extracts are thought to be responsible for their antioxidant properties.

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