What to know about Cornus officinalis (chinese dogwood) before using it medicinally

Cornus officinalis, commonly known as Chinese dogwood, is an herb that possesses a range of health-promoting properties, from anti-inflammatory to antioxidant, which can help improve cardiovascular and immune system health.

It is a versatile herb that requires a subtropical climate and well-draining soil to thrive, making it a challenging but rewarding plant to cultivate. Botanically speaking, Cornus officinalis is a deciduous shrub or small tree that belongs to the Cornaceae family, characterized by its showy white flowers and distinctive fruit.

Historically, this herb has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, with documented references in ancient texts such as the Shennong Bencao Jing dating back to the 16th century.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Cornus officinalis.

What are the medicinal properties of Cornus officinalis?

Cornus officinalis, also known as Chinese dogwood, helps with various health issues, including fever, rheumatism, and digestive problems. It has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and diuretic properties, making it a popular herbal remedy in traditional Chinese medicine. Its medicinal properties have been utilized for centuries.

The active constituents of Cornus officinalis include flavonoids, iridoids, and triterpenoids, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Flavonoids, such as kaempferol and quercetin, exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Iridoids, like cornuside, have been shown to possess antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Triterpenoids, including ursolic acid, display anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

The parts of Cornus officinalis most commonly used for medicinal purposes are the berries, leaves, and bark. The berries are rich in flavonoids and iridoids, making them a popular ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine. The leaves and bark contain triterpenoids, which are used to treat fever, rheumatism, and digestive issues.

Improper use of Cornus officinalis can lead to side effects such as stomach upset, diarrhea, and allergic reactions. Its high content of flavonoids and iridoids can cause gastrointestinal disturbances in some individuals. In rare cases, excessive consumption may result in liver or kidney damage.

Precautions when using Cornus officinalis medicinally include avoiding its use in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to potential toxicity to the fetus or infant. Individuals with kidney or liver disease should also consult a healthcare professional before using this herb. Additionally, patients taking medications for blood thinning or diabetes should be cautious when consuming Cornus officinalis.

What are the horticulural aspects of Cornus officinalis?

Cornus officinalis, also known as Chinese dogwood, grow in zones 5-8, requiring full sun to partial shade and well-drained acidic soil with a pH of 5.5-6.5. They can tolerate a range of soil types, but prefer moist, fertile conditions.

For successful planting, choose a location with good air circulation to prevent disease. Plant in spring or fall, avoiding extreme temperatures. Space 3-6 feet apart, and water regularly during the first growing season. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

For harvesting, the berries of Cornus officinalis are typically ripe in late summer to early fall. Harvest in small quantities regularly to encourage repeat production. Wear gloves to protect yourself from the plant's thorns. Berries can be used fresh or frozen for later use in jams, jellies, and baked goods.

Common pests affecting Cornus officinalis include Japanese beetles, aphids, and spider mites. Diseases such as powdery mildew, root rot, and leaf spot can also occur. Regular inspection and maintenance, including pruning and fertilization, can help prevent or mitigate these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Cornus officinalis?

Cornus officinalis, also known as Chinese dogwood, is a deciduous shrub or small tree with a broad, rounded crown and a straight, often irregular trunk. It grows up to 10 meters tall, with a diameter of up to 1 meter. The bark is grey and smooth.

Taxonomically, Cornus officinalis belongs to the family Cornaceae, order Cornales, and is native to East Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. It is further classified as Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc. in the genus Cornus.

There are several variants of Cornus officinalis, including Cornus officinalis var. kawamurae, which is native to the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, and Cornus officinalis var. yunnanensis, found in southwestern China. Other cultivars include 'Frost Proof' and 'Redbark'.

Cornus officinalis has a wide geographical distribution, including temperate forests and woodlands in East Asia, and is naturalized in parts of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. It has also been introduced to the Pacific Northwest region of North America.

The life cycle of Cornus officinalis begins in spring, when buds swell and produce green, oval-shaped leaves. In summer, the plant produces white or pinkish flowers in flat, umbrella-like clusters. In fall, the leaves turn yellow or red before dropping, revealing blue-black berries that are an important food source for birds and small mammals.

What are the historical aspects of Cornus officinalis?

Cornus officinalis, also known as Chinese Dogwood, is a plant with a rich history of traditional medicinal uses. In ancient China, it was used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and digestive issues. Its berries were believed to have antibacterial properties.

In ancient mythology, the Chinese Dogwood was associated with the god of war, Wu Wang. According to legend, the god used the plant's berries to protect himself from poison. The plant's ability to repel insects was also attributed to its mythological significance.

The Chinese Dogwood has been imbued with symbolic meanings across cultures. In China, it represents longevity and good fortune. In Japan, it symbolizes courage and strength. The plant's white and red berries are also associated with the yin and yang principles.

Historical texts, such as the Ben Cao Gang Mu by Li Shizhen (1578), record the plant's medicinal properties. The text describes the plant's use in treating various diseases, including malaria and typhus. The plant's berries were also believed to have a sweet taste and a cooling effect on the body.

Historical artifacts, such as ancient Chinese pottery and textiles, often feature depictions of the Chinese Dogwood. The plant's distinctive flowers and berries were used as motifs in traditional Chinese art. Archaeological findings have also revealed the presence of the plant's seeds in ancient Chinese tombs and burial sites.