What to know about Cola acuminata (kola) before using it medicinally

Cola acuminata, commonly known as kola, is a medicinal herb that has been used for centuries to improve health by reducing fever, treating digestive issues, and providing antioxidant properties that boost the immune system.

This versatile herb is relatively easy to cultivate in tropical regions and requires moderate to high levels of rainfall and humidity to thrive. Botanically, Cola acuminata belongs to the family Sterculiaceae and is characterized by its broad, elliptical leaves and distinctive seed pods.

In traditional medicine, kola nuts have been referenced in the works of ancient civilizations, including the Yoruba people of West Africa and the ancient Egyptians, who valued the herb for its medicinal and spiritual properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Cola acuminata .

What are the medicinal properties of Cola acuminata ?

Cola acuminata helps with fever reduction, headaches, and digestive issues due to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties. Its medicinal uses include treating nausea, diarrhea, and respiratory problems. Traditionally, kola is used to alleviate symptoms of cold, cough, and flu.

The active constituents of Cola acuminata responsible for its medicinal properties are caffeine, theobromine, and other xanthines, which have been shown to exhibit analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic activities. These compounds interact with adenosine receptors to produce therapeutic effects.

The bark, seeds, and leaves of Cola acuminata are primarily used for medicinal purposes. The bark contains a higher concentration of xanthines than the seeds and leaves, while the seeds are more commonly used for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Improper use of Cola acuminata can lead to side effects such as increased heart rate, high blood pressure, insomnia, and anxiety. Excessive consumption can also cause nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Overdosing can be fatal in severe cases.

Precautions when using Cola acuminata medicinally include pregnant women and children should avoid consumption due to its caffeine content. People with high blood pressure, heart problems, or anxiety disorders should also avoid using kola as it may exacerbate symptoms.

What are the horticulural aspects of Cola acuminata ?

Cola acuminata grow well in tropical and subtropical regions with temperatures between 15°C to 30°C. It prefers well-drained soils with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5. The plant thrives in areas with moderate to high humidity.

Planting tips for Cola acuminata include selecting a suitable location with adequate sunlight and water. Sow seeds 1-2 cm deep in nurseries or directly in the field. Space seedlings 3-4 meters apart to prevent overcrowding, allowing for good air circulation and sunlight penetration. Fertilize with a balanced fertilizer during the first year of growth.

Cola acuminata can be harvested when the leaves, bark, and seeds are mature. Harvesting should be done carefully to avoid damaging the plant. The leaves are typically harvested when they reach 10-20 cm in length, while the bark can be harvested when the tree is around 10-15 years old. The seeds are usually harvested when they are fully ripe.

Pests and diseases commonly affecting Cola acuminata include the kola beetle, which can cause significant damage to the bark and leaves. Other pests such as the mealybug, scale, and aphids can also infest the plant. Fungal diseases like root rot, leaf spot, and anthracnose can also affect the plant. Regular monitoring and proper management practices can help control these pests and diseases.

What are the botanical aspects of Cola acuminata ?

Cola acuminata is a tree species in the family Malvaceae. It is a large evergreen tree, growing up to 20 meters tall, with a straight and slender stem, and a broad and rounded crown. Its bark is grayish-brown, smooth, and slightly cracked.

Cola acuminata belongs to the genus Cola, which is a group of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae. Its taxonomical classification is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Rosids, Order: Malvales, Family: Malvaceae, Genus: Cola, Species: C. acuminata. It is closely related to the species Cola nitida.

There are several variants of Cola acuminata, including C. acuminata var. acuminata and C. acuminata var. kamerunica. These variants differ in their geographic distribution, morphology, and genetic makeup. They are found in the wild and have been cultivated in various parts of West and Central Africa.

Cola acuminata is widely distributed in the tropical regions of West and Central Africa, including Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. It is also found in other parts of tropical Africa, including Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.

The life cycle of Cola acuminata begins with seed germination, which occurs within 2-4 weeks after seed dispersal. The seedling grows rapidly, producing leaves and a taproot within the first year. The tree reaches maturity after 5-7 years, producing flowers and seeds, and continues to grow and produce fruit for many years.

What are the historical aspects of Cola acuminata ?

Cola acuminata is an ancient plant used for centuries in traditional medicine and as a stimulant. In Africa, its seeds were used to make a caffeine-containing drink, a practice dating back to at least 2000 BCE. Kola nuts were also used in rituals and ceremonies. The plant was highly valued by various cultures for its medicinal properties. Its seeds were also used as a form of currency.

In ancient Yoruba mythology, kola was associated with the god of thunder, Shango. According to myth, Shango was said to have created the kola tree and its seeds to provide sustenance for humans. In another myth, the kola tree was said to have been created by the god of wisdom, Oduduwa, to bring fertility to the land. Kola was also associated with the goddess of fertility, Oya.

In many African cultures, kola is considered a symbol of peace, respect, and hospitality. The plant is often used as a ceremonial object, and its seeds are given as gifts to guests as a sign of welcome. In some cultures, kola is also associated with spiritual growth and enlightenment.

Historical texts mention kola as a valuable commodity in trade. The Greek historian Herodotus wrote about the use of kola nuts in ancient Egyptian rituals. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder also wrote about the medicinal properties of kola. The Arab geographer Al-Biruni mentioned kola as a major export from West Africa.

Archaeological findings have uncovered artifacts related to kola, including ancient utensils used to process kola seeds, as well as ceremonial objects featuring kola motifs. Excavations in ancient West African cities have also uncovered caches of kola seeds and nuts, indicating the plant's importance in the region's trade and culture.