bellflower

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• bellflower

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Campanumoea pilosula

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae within the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. It is further classified under the subclass Magnoliidae, the order Asterales, and the family Campanulaceae. Finally, it is identified by the genus Codonoopsis.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a wide geographical range spanning across several distinct regions in East Asia. In the Russian Far East, its presence is documented within the Amur, Khabarovsk, and Primorye territories. Its distribution also extends significantly into China, where it can be found in the South-Central regions. Additionally, the species inhabits the northern reaches of China within Inner Mongolia. Together, these locations define the specific environmental niche occupied by Codonoopsis pilosula.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Codonoopsis pilosula is characterized by its presence in high-altitude montane environments, where it thrives within a specific altitudinal belt ranging from 2,650 m to 3,300 m AMSL. This species is typically found in diverse ecological niches, occupying habitats such as dense forests, forest edges, riparian zones near rivers, and shrubberies. These environments provide the necessary moisture and filtered light conditions essential for its growth, allowing it to integrate into the complex understory or transitional zones of high-elevation ecosystems.

Elevational range max:

3300 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

2650 m AMSL

Habitat :

forest, forest edges, rivers, shrubberies

Life history

The life history of Codonoopsis pilosula is characterized by a perennial lifecycle, allowing the plant to persist across multiple growing seasons. As a specialized member of the flora, it adopts a geophyte life form, relying on underground storage organs to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. This survival strategy is further classified under the broader cryptophyte category, indicating that its perennating buds are protected beneath the soil surface, ensuring its long-term establishment and ability to regenerate periodically.

Life form :

geophyte

Life form :

cryptophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Codonoopsis pilosula is characterized by a non-woody, herbaceous growth form. As a terrestrial plant, it grows independently of other organisms, functioning as a non-parasitic species. In terms of its structural habit, it acts as a facultative climber, meaning it possesses the ability to climb or scramble using external supports when available, though it is not strictly dependent on such structures for its development.

Climber :

facultative

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Parasite :

independent

Woodiness :

non-woody

Reproduction

The reproduction of Codonoopsis pilosula is characterized by a specific seasonal flowering cycle that dictates its reproductive activity. The flowering period for this species is relatively concentrated, typically beginning in August and concluding in September. While the precise timing can be subject to environmental variables, the plant generally adheres to this late summer window for its reproductive phase.

Flowering time :

Aug

Flowering time :

Sep

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Codonopsis pilosula has 7 reported plant parts identified across 32 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit.

Root

1. Frontiers in plant science
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. Genes
4. FEMS microbiology ecology
5. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Stem

1. Genes
2. Physiologia plantarum
3. Frontiers in plant science
4. PloS one
5. Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology

Leaf

1. Journal of plant physiology
2. Genes
3. Frontiers in plant science
4. PloS one
5. Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology

Flower

1. Genes
2. Frontiers in plant science

Fruit

1. Frontiers in plant science

Rhizome

1. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Seed

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Chemicals

Codonopsis pilosula has 27 reported phytochemicals identified across 32 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Lobetyolin, Flavonoids, Polysaccharide, glucose, APX.

Lobetyolin

1. Journal of plant physiology
2. Frontiers in plant science
3. Genes
4. Natural products and bioprospecting
5. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Flavonoids

1. Frontiers in nutrition
2. Biology

Polysaccharide

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB

glucose

1. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
2. International journal of biological macromolecules

APX

1. International journal of molecular sciences

Atractylenolide III

1. Frontiers in plant science

CHLOROPHYLL

1. International journal of molecular sciences

Cyanidin

1. Biology

DSPS

1. Thoracic cancer

Delphinidin

1. Physiologia plantarum

Activities

Codonopsis pilosula has 4 reported activities identified across 32 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Anticancer, Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic, Tonic.

Anticancer

1. Natural products and bioprospecting

Antioxidant

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Hypoglycemic

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Tonic

1. Frontiers in plant science

Conditions

Codonopsis pilosula has 20 reported investigations on conditions identified across 32 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include cancer, oxidative stress, tumor, Cancer, Inflammatory bowel disease.

Cancer

1. Thoracic cancer
2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Natural products and bioprospecting

Oxidative stress

1. International journal of biological macromolecules
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Tumor

1. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Food science & nutrition

Cancer

1. Food science & nutrition

Inflammatory bowel disease

1. The American journal of Chinese medicine

Analgesic

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Asthma

1. Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases

Colorectal cancer

1. Biomolecules

Cough

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Diabetes mellitus

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Preparations

Codonopsis pilosula has 30 reported preparations identified across 32 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include C. pilosula polysaccharides, CP extract, Codonopsis Pilosula Extract, Qinfenghong Zhike capsule, Shugan Jieyu Capsule.

C. pilosula polysaccharides

1. International journal of biological macromolecules

Cp extract

1. Chinese journal of natural medicines

Codonopsis pilosula extract

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Qinfenghong zhike capsule

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Shugan jieyu capsule

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Ua-cpps

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Aqueous extract

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Aqueous extraction method

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Aqueous two-phase extraction

1. International journal of biological macromolecules

Callus

1. Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan)