Laping Budak

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Laping Budak

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Claoxylon indicum var. macrophyllum
• Claoxylon minus
• Erythrochilus mollis
• Erythrochilus indicus
• Claoxylon caerulescens
• Claoxylon indicum f. gracilius
• Erythrochilus minor
• Claoxylon indicum var. spathulatum
• Niota globosa
• Claoxylon molle
• Claoxylon polot
• Croton halecum
• Croton tabacifolius

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Malpighiales, it is classified under the family Euphorbiaceae and is specifically identified by the genus Claoxylon. Ultimately, its scientific name is Claoxylon indicum.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a diverse geographical range spanning across several distinct regions. Within China, it can be found in the South-Central, Southeast, and Hainan areas. Its distribution extends into the Indo-China region, specifically encompassing Cambodia. Additionally, the species is documented to grow on the Andaman Islands. Together, these locations highlight the wide ecological footprint of Claoxylon indicum.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Claoxylon indicum is characterized by its preference for low-to-mid altitude environments, occupying a diverse altitudinal gradient across its habitat. The species is typically found at elevations starting from as low as 20 m AMSL, with a mean elevation of approximately 210 m AMSL, indicating a strong affinity for lowland or coastal ecological zones. Its distribution extends upward to a maximum elevation of 400 m AMSL, suggesting it thrives in tropical or subtropical settings where moderate altitudes provide the necessary environmental conditions for its growth and medicinal potency.

Elevational range max:

400 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

210 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

20 m AMSL

Life history

The life history of Claoxylon indicum is characterized by its perennial lifecycle, allowing the plant to persist through multiple growing seasons. In terms of its structural growth habit and life form, it is classified as a phanerophyte, indicating that its perennial buds are elevated above the ground level. Additionally, it exhibits characteristics of a nanophanerophyte, reflecting a specific growth scale within its botanical classification.

Life form :

nanophanerophyte

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Claoxylon indicum is characterized by its growth form as a woody tree. It functions as an independent organism, neither acting as a parasite nor as an epiphyte, maintaining a terrestrial existence. The plant exhibits significant vertical development, with a height that ranges from a minimum of 3 m to a maximum of 12 m, reaching an average height of approximately 6.75 m. Although it possesses a self-supporting structural habit rather than functioning as a liana or vine, its physical stature and woody composition define its presence within its terrestrial habitat.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

12 m

Plant height mean:

6.75 m

Plant height min:

3 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Claoxylon indicum is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation processes and metabolic efficiency in its native environment. Morphologically, the plant exhibits significant variability in its foliage, with leaf length typically averaging 16 cm, though it can range from a minimum of 10 cm to a maximum of 22 cm. The leaf width also demonstrates a broad spectrum of development, maintaining a mean width of 9.5 cm, with individual leaves measuring as narrow as 6 cm and as wide as 13 cm. Furthermore, the plant does not function as a nitrogen fixer, meaning it relies on external soil nutrients rather than symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria to meet its nitrogen requirements.

Leaf length max:

22 cm

Leaf length mean:

16 cm

Leaf length min:

10 cm

Leaf width max:

13 cm

Leaf width mean:

9.5 cm

Leaf width min:

6 cm

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Claoxylon indicum is characterized by the development of specific fruit and seed structures essential to its life cycle. The fruits produced by the plant exhibit a dry texture rather than being fleshy, and they vary in size with a mean width of 0.75 cm, ranging from a minimum of 0.7 cm to a maximum width of 0.8 cm. Within these fruits, the seeds are uniform in their volumetric properties, maintaining a consistent seed volume of 13 mm³, which serves as both the minimum, maximum, and mean measurement for the species.

Fruit dryness :

dry

Fruit width max:

0.8 cm

Fruit width mean:

0.75 cm

Fruit width min:

0.7 cm

Seed volume max:

13 mm³

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Chemicals

Claoxylon indicum has 6 reported phytochemicals identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Flavonoids, Saponins, Sterols, Tannins, Triterpenes.

Flavonoids

1. Microbial pathogenesis

Saponins

1. Microbial pathogenesis

Sterols

1. Microbial pathogenesis

Tannins

1. Microbial pathogenesis

Triterpenes

1. Microbial pathogenesis

betulinic acid

1. Dr. Duke

Activities

Claoxylon indicum has 19 reported activities identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antimalarial, Anthelmintic, AntiHIV, Antibacterial, Anticancer.

Antimalarial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Microbial pathogenesis

Anthelmintic

1. Dr. Duke

AntiHIV

1. Dr. Duke

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke

Anticancer

1. Dr. Duke

Anticarcinomic

1. Dr. Duke

Antiedemic

1. Dr. Duke

Antiinflammatory

1. Dr. Duke

Antileukemic

1. Dr. Duke

Antimelanomic

1. Dr. Duke

Medicinal Uses

Claoxylon indicum has 1 reported medicinal uses identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include antimalarial.

Most Reported Uses

Preparations