What to know about Citrus × limon (lemon) before using it medicinally

Citrus × limon, commonly known as lemon, is a popular herb valued for its numerous health properties, including its antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties, which can aid in boosting the immune system and reducing inflammation.

In terms of horticulture, lemon trees prefer well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade, making them a suitable choice for growers in a variety of climates. From a botanical standpoint, Citrus × limon is a hybrid citrus species, derived from the combination of Citrus aurantium and Citrus medica.

The ancient Greeks and Romans prized the fruit of the lemon tree for its flavor and fragrance, and it has been a staple in Mediterranean cuisine for centuries.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Citrus × limon.

What are the medicinal properties of Citrus × limon?

Citrus × limon helps with digestion, coughs, and colds, as well as sore throats, and mouth and skin disorders. It also has antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it effective against various infections. Lemon juice is a natural diuretic and laxative, improving kidney function and aiding in weight loss.

The active constituents of Citrus × limon that give it medicinal properties include limonene, a monoterpene with antitumor and antimicrobial activity, and ascorbic acid, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoids like naringenin and limonin are also present, contributing to the plant's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

The most commonly used parts of the Citrus × limon plant for medicinal purposes are the peel, seeds, and juice. The peel contains high concentrations of limonene and other essential oils, making it useful for aromatherapy and skin treatments. The seeds and juice are used for their antiseptic and antiviral properties.

Improper use of Citrus × limon can lead to side effects like skin irritation, allergic reactions, and stomach upset. Ingesting large amounts of lemon juice can cause acidosis, a condition characterized by an excessive amount of acid in the blood. Excessive consumption can also lead to kidney damage and worsen existing kidney conditions.

To use Citrus × limon safely, it's essential to follow proper preparation and dosage guidelines. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare providers before using lemon medicinally. Children and individuals with sensitive stomachs should start with small amounts and monitor their tolerance. Additionally, consult with a healthcare professional before using lemon to treat any serious health condition.

What are the horticulural aspects of Citrus × limon?

Citrus × limon grow best in well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 6.5. Full sun to partial shade is required, with temperatures between 64°F and 90°F (18°C and 32°C). Water deeply and regularly.

When planting, choose a location with good air circulation to prevent disease. Plant at the same depth as the nursery container, and space trees 10-20 feet apart. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Avoid overwatering and fertilize lightly.

For optimal harvesting, pick lemons when they are bright yellow and heavy for their size. Avoid squeezing the fruit, as this can damage the tree. Harvest lemons in the morning, as the oil content is higher then. Remove any stems or leaves attached to the fruit.

Common pests affecting Citrus × limon include aphids, whiteflies, and mealybugs. Citrus greening disease (HLB) and root rot caused by Phytophthora species are common diseases. Regular monitoring and pruning can help prevent pest infestations and disease outbreaks.

What are the botanical aspects of Citrus × limon?

Citrus × limon is a deciduous or semi-evergreen shrub or small tree that grows up to 5-10 meters in height and width, with a broad, rounded crown and a single trunk with a smooth, gray bark.

The taxonomical classification of Citrus × limon is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Rosids, Order: Sapindales, Family: Rutaceae, Genus: Citrus, Species: C. × limon. It is a hybrid between Citrus medica and Citrus aurantium.

There are several variants of Citrus × limon, including 'Duncan', 'Femminello', 'Ponderosa', and 'Variegata', which differ in fruit size, skin thickness, and flesh color. Some varieties are also dwarf or compact, suitable for container growth.

Citrus × limon is native to Southeast Asia, but has been widely cultivated and naturalized in the Mediterranean, Africa, and the Americas, particularly in regions with mild winters and high temperatures. It grows in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade.

The life cycle of Citrus × limon typically begins with flower and fruit formation in late spring to early summer, followed by fruit maturation in late summer to early fall. The plant flowers annually, with the ability to produce two crops per year in warm climates.

What are the historical aspects of Citrus × limon?

Citrus × limon is an ancient plant with a long history of uses. In ancient Greece and Rome, lemons were used as a cleaning agent and a disinfectant. They were also used to preserve meat and to flavor food. In many cultures, lemons are used as a natural remedy for various ailments.

In ancient Greek mythology, the lemon was associated with the goddess of love, Aphrodite. According to myth, lemons were created from the tears of Aphrodite, symbolizing purity and cleanliness. In Hindu mythology, lemons are associated with the god of the sun, Surya. Lemons are also mentioned in the ancient Greek medical text, "De Materia Medica", by Pedanius Dioscorides.

Lemons have been used in various cultures as a symbol of prosperity, good fortune, and purification. In many Asian cultures, lemons are used in wedding ceremonies to ward off evil spirits. In European folklore, lemons are associated with love and fertility. Lemons are also used as a symbol of hospitality and welcome.

The earliest written records of lemons date back to around 2000 BCE in ancient India. The Greek physician Hippocrates mentioned lemons in his medical texts around 400 BCE. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote extensively about lemons in his book "Naturalis Historia" around 77 CE. The Arab botanist Abu al-Qasim wrote about lemons in his book "Kitab al-Tibb" around 1000 CE.

Historical artifacts featuring lemons include ancient Greek and Roman pottery and sculpture. The Roman Emperor Nero was known to have used lemons to flavor his food. The ancient Greek physician Galen wrote about the use of lemons in medical treatments. The Arab geographer Ibn Battuta mentioned lemons as a valuable commodity in his travels.