What to know about Citrus × aurantium (bitter orange) before using it medicinally

Citrus × aurantium, commonly known as bitter orange, is a herb that boasts an array of health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can improve cardiovascular health, boost energy levels, and enhance digestion.

Cultivated primarily for its fragrant flowers and peel, which are used in perfumery and as a flavoring agent, Citrus × aurantium is a semi-tropical evergreen tree that thrives in warm and humid climates. The herb's botanical profile is characterized by its glossy green leaves, small white flowers, and edible peel, which contain high concentrations of limonene and other essential oils.

Historically, Citrus × aurantium has been a prized herb in traditional medicine, with references dating back to ancient China, where it was used to treat a range of ailments, including fever and indigestion.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Citrus × aurantium.

What are the medicinal properties of Citrus × aurantium?

Citrus × aurantium helps with weight loss, digestion, and as a diuretic. Its essential oil has been used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and nausea. It has also been used to reduce inflammation and pain.

The active constituents of Citrus × aurantium include synephrine, naringenin, and hesperidin. These compounds are responsible for its medicinal properties, including stimulating the nervous system and improving circulation. They also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the peel, seeds, and essential oil. The peel is often used to make teas, while the seeds are used to make tinctures. The essential oil is used topically for pain relief and as a flavoring agent.

Improper use of Citrus × aurantium can lead to side effects such as increased heart rate, high blood pressure, and insomnia. It can also interact with certain medications, including blood thinners and high blood pressure medications.

Precautions when using Citrus × aurantium medicinally include avoiding its use in pregnant or breastfeeding women, and individuals with heart conditions or high blood pressure. It is also recommended to consult a healthcare professional before using it as a diuretic or for weight loss.

What are the horticulural aspects of Citrus × aurantium?

Citrus × aurantium grow best in full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. They require a warm and humid climate with average temperatures between 64°F and 90°F (18°C and 32°C). Watering is essential, with regular watering during the growing season.

Proper planting of Citrus × aurantium involves selecting a location with good air circulation and sufficient space for the plant to grow. Dig a hole 2-3 times the size of the root ball, and mix in a balanced fertilizer. Plant the tree at the same depth as it was previously, and water thoroughly. Mulching around the base helps retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Harvesting Citrus × aurantium fruit typically occurs between November and May, with peak production in January and February. Fruit is ready to pick when it is fully colored and has a slight softening to the touch. Avoid picking fruit too early, as it may not develop its full flavor. Regular harvesting encourages further production.

Common pests affecting Citrus × aurantium include aphids, whiteflies, and scales. Diseases such as citrus canker, root rot, and greasy spot can also occur. Regular inspection and treatment can prevent infestation and disease, with systemic pesticides and fungicides providing effective control. Pruning and hygiene practices can also help prevent pest and disease issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Citrus × aurantium?

Citrus × aurantium is a small to medium-sized tree or shrub that grows up to 6-12 meters tall, with a broad, spreading crown and thorny branches. The bark is gray to brown, smooth, and often cracked. Leaves are evergreen, ovate, and shiny green.

Citrus × aurantium belongs to the family Rutaceae and is a hybrid between Citrus aurantium and possibly other Citrus species, with various classification schemes assigning it as a subspecies of Citrus aurantium or a distinct species, Citrus × aurantium. It is not widely accepted as a distinct species.

Several cultivars of Citrus × aurantium have been developed for their distinctive flavor, aroma, or acidity, such as the 'Seville' bitter orange, widely used for marmalade production, and 'Tahiti' bitter orange, valued for its high acidity and flavor.

Citrus × aurantium is native to Southeast Asia but has been widely cultivated and naturalized in the Mediterranean region, Africa, and the Americas, often as a rootstock or ornamental. It is tolerant of drought, heat, and poor soil but sensitive to frost.

The life cycle of Citrus × aurantium typically begins with the formation of flowers, which are borne on short stalks and have five petals and prominent stamens, followed by fruit development, which takes around 4-6 months, depending on the cultivar and growing conditions. The fruit is usually harvested when ripe and mature.

What are the historical aspects of Citrus × aurantium?

Citrus × aurantium is a plant with a long history of medicinal and culinary use. In ancient China, it was used to treat fever and digestive issues, while in traditional Indian medicine, it was used to treat respiratory problems and skin conditions.

In ancient Greek and Roman mythology, bitter orange was associated with the gods of love and fertility, with the Greek goddess Aphrodite and the Roman goddess Venus both linked to the plant. The Greeks believed that the plant's fragrance could drive away evil spirits.

In many cultures, bitter orange has been associated with spiritual and mystical properties, representing love, passion, and creativity. In ancient Egypt, it was used as a symbol of protection, while in medieval Europe, it was used as a charm against evil.

The historical texts that mention bitter orange include the ancient Chinese medical text "Shennong Ben Cao Jing", the Indian medical text "Charaka Samhita", and the ancient Greek text "De Materia Medica" by Dioscorides. These texts describe the plant's medicinal and culinary uses.

The historical artifacts that feature bitter orange include ancient Chinese ceramics and textiles that feature the plant's flowers and branches. In medieval Europe, bitter orange was depicted in illuminated manuscripts and used in perfume and incense blends.