What to know about Citrus reticulata (mandarin) before using it medicinally

Citrus reticulata, commonly known as mandarin, is a herb that has been revered for its numerous health benefits, which include reducing inflammation, improving digestion, and boosting the immune system.

As a popular ornamental plant, it is prized for its showy flowers, compact growth habit, and glossy leaves, making it a favorite among gardeners and landscapers. From a botanical standpoint, Citrus reticulata is a small evergreen tree or shrub that belongs to the Rutaceae family, with small white flowers that produce small, orange fruits.

With a history dating back over 3,000 years, this herb has been mentioned in traditional Chinese medicine texts and is still used in modern times for its medicinal and culinary properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Citrus reticulata.

What are the medicinal properties of Citrus reticulata?

Citrus reticulata helps with relieving anxiety and stress due to its adaptogenic properties. It also has antiviral and antibacterial properties, making it effective in treating respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. In traditional Chinese medicine, mandarin is used to treat fever, cough, and rheumatism.

The active constituents of Citrus reticulata include limonene, citral, and linalool, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Limonene exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, while citral has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects. Linalool has been shown to have sedative and anticonvulsant properties.

The parts of the Citrus reticulata plant most used for medicinal purposes are the leaves, peel, and juice. The leaves are used in traditional medicine to treat fever and cough, while the peel is used for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. The juice is used to treat various infections, including respiratory and gastrointestinal issues.

Ingesting excessive amounts of Citrus reticulata can lead to gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Long-term use can cause photosensitivity and allergic reactions in some individuals. Improper use can also interact with medications, exacerbating underlying health conditions.

When using Citrus reticulata medicinally, it is essential to follow proper dosages and precautions. Pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers should consult with a healthcare professional before consuming mandarin products. Individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform patch tests before using topical applications.

What are the horticulural aspects of Citrus reticulata?

Citrus reticulata grow best in full sun (6-8 hours direct sunlight) and well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 6.5. They prefer a warm climate with average temperatures between 64°F and 90°F (18°C and 32°C). Watering should be consistent, but avoid overwatering.

Proper planting involves placing the root ball in a hole that is two to three times as wide as the root system. Water thoroughly after planting and apply a 2-inch layer of organic mulch to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Fertilize with a citrus-specific fertilizer in the growing season.

Mandarins are typically ready to harvest 6-9 months after flowering, depending on the cultivar. Check for ripeness by gently twisting the fruit - if it comes off easily, it's ready to pick. Harvest fruits regularly to promote new growth and prevent over-ripening.

Common pests of mandarins include aphids, whiteflies, and mites. Fungal diseases such as citrus canker and scab can also affect the plant. Regular pruning and watering can help prevent some of these issues, but chemical controls may be necessary for severe infestations or infections.

What are the botanical aspects of Citrus reticulata?

Citrus reticulata is a small evergreen tree with a spreading canopy and slender branches. Leaves are dark green, lance-shaped, and glossy, 3-5 cm long, with a petiole of 1-2 cm. Flowers are fragrant, white, and star-shaped, 2-3 cm in diameter.

Taxonomically, Citrus reticulata belongs to the family Rutaceae, order Sapindales, class Magnoliopsida, division Magnoliophyta, kingdom Plantae. Its classification is further supported by morphological and molecular characteristics. It is a member of the citrus genus, which also includes other species like Citrus sinensis and Citrus paradisi.

There are several variants of Citrus reticulata, including 'Willowleaf' and 'Clementine', which are hybridized with other citrus species. 'Tangelo' is a hybrid of mandarin and tangerine, while 'Meyer' is a hybrid of mandarin and orange. These hybrids exhibit unique characteristics and traits.

Citrus reticulata is native to Southeast Asia, specifically in China, where it has been cultivated for over 4,000 years. It has been introduced to other parts of the world, including the Americas, Africa, and Australia, where it is grown as an ornamental or for its fruit. It thrives in subtropical and tropical regions.

The life cycle of Citrus reticulata consists of three distinct phases: seedling, vegetative, and reproductive. It takes approximately 1-2 years for the seedling to develop its first set of leaves. The vegetative phase lasts for 2-5 years, during which the tree focuses on developing its root system and branching. The reproductive phase begins around 5-7 years after planting, with the tree producing flowers and eventually fruits.

What are the historical aspects of Citrus reticulata?

Citrus reticulata is one of the earliest cultivated citrus species. Historical records show that it was used in traditional Chinese medicine for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. It was also used in cooking, particularly in soups and teas. In Japan, it was used as a food and medicine for the aristocracy.

In ancient Chinese mythology, the mandarin was associated with the goddess of mercy, Guanyin. According to legend, Guanyin used the mandarin's fruit to cure the sick. In Japan, the mandarin was also associated with the sun goddess, Amaterasu. The plant was said to have been born from the sun goddess's tears.

In Chinese culture, the mandarin represents good fortune, prosperity, and abundance. Its flowers are a symbol of love and relationships, while its fruit represents a long and healthy life. In Japan, the plant is associated with the seasons and is considered a symbol of spring.

The earliest written records of Citrus reticulata date back to the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) in China. The plant is mentioned in the classic Chinese medical text, "Ben Cao Gang Mu," written by Li Shizhen in 1578 CE. The text describes the plant's properties and uses in traditional Chinese medicine.

Excavations at ancient Chinese and Japanese sites have uncovered mandarin seeds and fruit remains. Archaeological evidence from the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) in China shows that mandarins were cultivated and traded extensively. Similarly, archaeological findings from ancient Japan demonstrate the plant's widespread use and cultivation.