What to know about Citrus bergamia (bergamot) before using it medicinally

Citrus bergamia, commonly known as bergamot, is a versatile herb prized for its numerous health benefits, including its ability to lower blood pressure, reduce stress, and alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Horticulturally, this citrus plant is relatively low-maintenance, requiring well-drained soil and full sun to produce its fragrant fruit. From a botanical perspective, Citrus bergamia is a member of the Rutaceae family, characterized by its small, white flowers and oval-shaped leaves.

Historically, this herb has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, with ancient Greek physician Hippocrates and Italian physician Pietro Andrea Mattioli both referencing its therapeutic properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Citrus bergamia .

What are the medicinal properties of Citrus bergamia ?

Citrus bergamia helps with anxiety, stress, and inflammation. Its essential oil has antimicrobial and antifungal properties, making it effective against acne, wounds, and skin infections. It also reduces blood pressure and improves cardiovascular health.

The active constituents of Citrus bergamia include limonene, bergamottin, and bergamotene, which give it its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects. Limonene, in particular, has been found to inhibit the growth of certain cancer cells.

The parts of the Citrus bergamia plant most used for medicinal purposes are the peel, essential oil, and extracts. The peel is rich in bergamotene, which has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. The essential oil is extracted from the peel and used to treat anxiety, stress, and skin conditions. The extracts are used to treat various health conditions, including high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.

Improper use of Citrus bergamia can cause side effects, including skin irritation, allergic reactions, and interactions with certain medications. High doses of the essential oil can also cause photosensitivity and liver damage. Individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should use it with caution.

Precautions to take when using Citrus bergamia medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional before use, especially if pregnant or breastfeeding. It is also essential to dilute the essential oil in a carrier oil and use it in moderation. Individuals with high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease should use it under medical supervision.

What are the horticulural aspects of Citrus bergamia ?

Citrus bergamia grow well in well-drained soil and full sun, with a temperature range of 15-30°C (59-86°F) and a pH between 6.0-8.0. They require a high level of calcium and magnesium, making limestone-based soils suitable.

Planting tips for Citrus bergamia include selecting a location with good air circulation, planting at a depth of 30-40 cm (12-16 in) and spacing trees 3-4 meters (10-13 ft) apart. Watering is critical during the first year, with frequent watering to encourage establishment.

Harvesting tips for bergamot involve picking the fruit at the optimal stage of maturity, usually in November in the Northern Hemisphere. The peel should be golden yellow and the oil content should be around 3-4%. Harvesting should be done by hand to avoid damage to the fruit.

Pests and diseases affecting Citrus bergamia include the citrus root weevil, which attacks the roots, and the citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis. Fungal diseases such as citrus black spot and root rot are also common, particularly in wet or waterlogged conditions.

What are the botanical aspects of Citrus bergamia ?

Citrus bergamia is a deciduous evergreen tree or large shrub, 3-10 meters tall, with a broad, rounded crown, grayish-brown bark, and shiny, lanceolate leaves with entire margins.

Citrus bergamia belongs to the family Rutaceae and is classified as a species within the genus Citrus, which is a part of the subtribe Aurantioideae. The tree is considered to be a distinct species from Citrus aurantium, but is sometimes included in its synonymy.

Several cultivars and varieties of Citrus bergamia exist, including 'Bergamotto', 'Regno', and 'Furore', which differ in their fruit size, shape, and oil content. These variants are often used for essential oil production and cultivation.

The natural habitat of Citrus bergamia is the Mediterranean region, including southern Italy, Sardinia, and Corsica, as well as parts of North Africa and the Middle East. It is also cultivated in other regions with suitable climates.

The life cycle of Citrus bergamia begins with flowering in late winter to early spring, followed by fruit set in late spring and early summer. The tree reaches its maximum growth in 10-15 years and has a long lifespan, sometimes up to 50 years or more in ideal conditions.

What are the historical aspects of Citrus bergamia ?

Citrus bergamia is an ancient plant with a rich history of use. In traditional Chinese medicine, bergamot was used to treat various ailments, including fever, indigestion, and skin conditions. In Mediterranean cultures, it was used as a natural remedy for colds, flu, and stress.

In ancient mythology, bergamot was associated with the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite. The Greeks believed that bergamot oil had aphrodisiac properties, which is why it was often used in perfumes and rituals to promote love and desire. The mythological connection between bergamot and love has endured throughout history.

Throughout history, bergamot has been imbued with symbolic meanings. In the Renaissance, it was a symbol of royalty and wealth due to its rarity and expense. In Victorian England, it represented joy, happiness, and relaxation. In modern times, bergamot is often associated with creativity, positivity, and spiritual growth.

Historical texts provide valuable insights into the use and significance of bergamot. In the 17th-century book "The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes", bergamot was listed as a medicinal plant with various uses. In the 18th-century "The Art of Perfumery", bergamot oil was described as a key ingredient in fine perfumes.

Archaeological discoveries have uncovered ancient artifacts related to bergamot use. In ancient Greek ruins, archaeologists have found artifacts featuring bergamot oil and its uses. In Pompeii, excavations have revealed frescoes and pottery depicting bergamot as a medicinal plant and perfume ingredient.