What to know about Cissus quadrangularis (veldt grape) before using it medicinally

Cissus quadrangularis, commonly known as veldt grape, is a highly valued herb renowned for its profound health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties that improve overall well-being and promote longevity.

In cultivation, this versatile herb is relatively easy to grow and maintain, as it thrives in a variety of environments and can tolerate some degree of neglect. Botanically, Cissus quadrangularis belongs to the Vitaceae family and is characterized by its distinctive, quadrangular stems and heart-shaped leaves.

With its rich history of use in traditional medicine, dating back thousands of years to ancient India and Africa, Cissus quadrangularis has been revered for its remarkable healing properties by cultures worldwide.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Cissus quadrangularis.

What are the medicinal properties of Cissus quadrangularis?

Cissus quadrangularis helps with joint pain and inflammation, osteoporosis, and muscle cramps. It is also used to improve bone density and to reduce the risk of bone fractures. Its anti-inflammatory properties are effective in reducing inflammation and pain.

The active constituents of Cissus quadrangularis include flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. The flavonoids in Cissus quadrangularis have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, while the alkaloids and saponins have anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects.

The most commonly used parts of the Cissus quadrangularis plant for medicinal purposes are the leaves, stem, and root. The leaves are rich in flavonoids, while the stem and root are rich in alkaloids and saponins. The leaves and stem are used to treat joint pain and inflammation, while the root is used to treat bone density and muscle cramps.

Improper use of Cissus quadrangularis can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Allergic reactions to the plant may also occur, including hives, itching, and difficulty breathing. In rare cases, Cissus quadrangularis can interact with other medications and reduce their effectiveness.

When using Cissus quadrangularis medicinally, precautions should be taken to avoid interactions with other medications, particularly blood thinners and diabetes medications. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also consult a healthcare professional before using Cissus quadrangularis, as its effects on the fetus and baby are not well understood.

What are the horticulural aspects of Cissus quadrangularis?

Cissus quadrangularis grow best in well-drained soil with a slightly acidic pH (5.5-6.5). It requires full sun to partial shade and tolerates a wide range of temperatures, from 15-30°C (59-86°F). High humidity and consistent moisture also contribute to its optimal growth.

Cissus quadrangularis is typically grown from cuttings or seed. Plant cuttings 15-30 cm long, with 2-3 nodes, 2.5-5 cm deep in well-draining soil, and water sparingly. Seeds are sown 1-2 cm deep in a warm, humid environment, with consistent moisture. Fertilize sparingly until established.

Harvest Cissus quadrangularis when the leaves are 10-15 cm long, and the stems are thickened. Cut the plant at the base, leaving a 10-15 cm stem. Allow the cut stem to dry for a few hours, then use it as a cut stem. Young leaves can be harvested for medicinal use, when 5-10 cm long.

Cissus quadrangularis is susceptible to mealybugs, scale, and spider mites. Root rot and leaf spot diseases, caused by Fusarium and Cercospora, respectively, can also occur. Regularly inspect the plant for pests and diseases, and treat promptly with appropriate insecticides and fungicides.

What are the botanical aspects of Cissus quadrangularis?

Cissus quadrangularis is a perennial vine with a woody stem, quadrangular branches, and a glabrous surface. The leaves are simple, alternate, and cordate with 3-5 lobes, measuring 4-8 cm long and 2-4 cm wide. Stems and leaves are densely covered with small, brown, and woolly hairs.

Taxonomically, Cissus quadrangularis is classified under the family Vitaceae, order Vitales, and division Magnoliophyta. The genus Cissus is a distinct grouping, with about 120 species, of which C. quadrangularis is one. This plant's taxonomic position is further supported by the presence of characteristic Vitaceae features, such as the inflorescence arrangement and flower structure.

Variants of Cissus quadrangularis are not widely recognized, but the plant has been reported to exhibit some variability in growth habit and leaf shape, depending on environmental conditions. Some cultivated specimens may show differences in stem and leaf coloration. However, these variations do not correspond to distinct botanical or horticultural entities.

Cissus quadrangularis is native to Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. The plant thrives in tropical and subtropical regions with warm and humid climates. It has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including the Americas and the Pacific Islands, where it often grows as an invasive species.

The life cycle of Cissus quadrangularis is typical of many Vitaceae species. The plant germinates from seed, and seedlings develop into mature vines within 3-6 months. The vines produce axillary inflorescences with small, unisexual flowers, followed by berry-like fruits containing 2-3 seeds each. The plant can live for several decades, producing new stems and roots through underground rhizomes.

What are the historical aspects of Cissus quadrangularis?

Cissus quadrangularis is a plant with a rich history of use in traditional medicine, dating back to ancient civilizations in Africa and Asia. In many cultures, it was used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and digestive issues.

The plant has mythological references in Hindu and Buddhist traditions. In Hindu mythology, the gods and goddesses are said to have drunk the plant's juice to achieve immortality. In Buddhist scriptures, it is associated with the Bodhi tree, under which the Buddha achieved enlightenment.

Cissus quadrangularis has symbolic meanings across cultures. In African traditions, it represents fertility and abundance, while in Asian cultures, it symbolizes longevity and prosperity. The plant's shape, resembling a four-angled vine, is also seen as a representation of stability and balance.

The historical texts that mention Cissus quadrangularis include the Ayurvedic text, Charaka Samhita, and the traditional African medical text, Kamba. The plant is also mentioned in the Buddhist scripture, the Mahayana sutras.

Historical artifacts that feature Cissus quadrangularis include ancient African pottery, Asian frescoes, and Indian sculptures. These artifacts depict the plant's use in traditional medicine, its symbolic meanings, and its mythological significance.