What to know about Cicer arietinum (chickpea) before using it medicinally

Cicer arietinum, commonly known as chickpea, is a herbaceous plant that possesses an array of health benefits, including lowering cholesterol levels and preventing heart disease due to its high content of soluble fiber and polyphenols.

From a horticultural perspective, the chickpea is a cool-season crop that requires a well-drained soil and a temperate climate to thrive, with optimal yields obtained when the temperature ranges from 20-30 degrees Celsius. Botanically, Cicer arietinum belongs to the family Fabaceae and is a member of the genus Cicer, which comprises several species of legumes.

Historically, chickpeas have been cultivated for over 7,000 years, with ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans relying heavily on them as a staple food.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Cicer arietinum.

What are the medicinal properties of Cicer arietinum?

Cicer arietinum helps with various health issues including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and digestive disorders due to its high fiber and protein content, as well as its ability to regulate blood sugar levels.

The active constituents of Cicer arietinum that provide its medicinal properties include saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These compounds have been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities.

The seeds and sprouts of the Cicer arietinum plant are the most commonly used for medicinal purposes, as they contain the highest concentration of active constituents. The seeds are also a rich source of nutrients, including protein, fiber, and various minerals.

Improper use of Cicer arietinum can cause gastrointestinal upset, such as nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting, especially in individuals with pre-existing digestive conditions. Additionally, excessive consumption of the plant may lead to allergic reactions or interact with certain medications.

To use Cicer arietinum medicinally safely, individuals should consult a healthcare professional and follow recommended dosages. It is also essential to be aware of any potential interactions with medications or underlying health conditions, and to monitor for any adverse effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Cicer arietinum?

Cicer arietinum grow best in temperate climates with warm summers and cool winters. They require a well-draining soil with a pH range of 6.0-7.0 and adequate moisture levels. A temperature range of 10-25°C is ideal for growth.

Planting tips for Cicer arietinum involve sowing seeds 5-7 cm deep and 30-40 cm apart in rows spaced 60-90 cm apart. Sowing should be done in late spring or early summer, after the last frost. Seedlings emerge in 7-10 days.

Harvesting tips for Cicer arietinum involve checking for maturity by gently squeezing the pods; mature pods will have a slight crunch to them. Harvesting should be done in late summer or early fall, when the plants are dry and the pods are fully ripe. Cutting the plants near the base will make harvesting easier.

Common pests affecting Cicer arietinum include the aphid, whitefly, and pod borer. Common diseases include ascochyta blight, fusarium wilt, and powdery mildew. Regular monitoring and integrated pest management practices can help mitigate these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Cicer arietinum?

Cicer arietinum is an annual legume crop that belongs to the family Fabaceae. The plant has a slender stem, 20-100 cm in height, with green, leafy branches and compound leaves with 3-5 leaflets. It produces yellow or white flowers in a spike-like raceme.

Cicer arietinum is classified in the kingdom Plantae, division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Fabales, family Fabaceae, tribe Fabeae, and genus Cicer. The species has two subspecies, C. arietinum subsp. arietinum and C. arietinum subsp. orientale.

Several variants of Cicer arietinum are recognized, including the Kabuli and Desi types, which differ in their seed size, shape, and color. Other variants include the 'JG 315' and 'JG 324' varieties, which are high-yielding and disease-resistant.

Cicer arietinum is widely cultivated in the Middle East, Mediterranean, and South Asia, as well as in North America and Australia. It grows best in well-drained soil and full sun, with temperatures between 10-30°C.

The life cycle of Cicer arietinum begins with seed germination, followed by seedling establishment and vegetative growth. The plant flowers and sets seed after 100-120 days, with a seed yield of 1-2 kg per plant.

What are the historical aspects of Cicer arietinum?

Cicer arietinum is a plant with a long history of use dating back to ancient civilizations. In ancient Rome, chickpeas were a staple food, used in dishes such as hummus and falafel. They were also used as a form of currency in some regions. In India, chickpeas were used in traditional medicine. In Africa, they were a primary source of nutrition.

In ancient Greek and Roman mythology, the chickpea was associated with the goddess of fertility, Demeter. The plant's resemblance to a bean was seen as a symbol of fertility and abundance. In Hindu mythology, the chickpea is associated with the god Krishna, who is said to have been fed chickpea soup. The chickpea's association with fertility is reflected in its use in fertility rituals.

In ancient cultures, the chickpea was considered a symbol of good luck, prosperity, and spiritual growth. In India, the chickpea is considered a sacred plant, associated with the god Vishnu. In some cultures, the chickpea is seen as a symbol of femininity and creativity. The plant's versatility and nutritional value made it a highly valued resource.

Historical texts such as the Rigveda, an ancient Indian scripture, mention the chickpea as a sacred plant. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about the chickpea's medicinal properties. In the 17th century, the French botanist Charles Plumier described the chickpea's botanical characteristics. The chickpea's nutritional value was highlighted in ancient texts such as the Ayurvedic medicine.

Historical artifacts such as ancient cooking vessels, stone utensils, and ceramic pots have been discovered with chickpea impressions. Archaeological sites such as the ancient Roman city of Pompeii and the ancient Indian city of Mohenjo-Daro have yielded evidence of chickpea cultivation. Ancient texts and artifacts demonstrate the significance of the chickpea in various cultures and civilizations.