Indian chrysanthemum

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Indian chrysanthemum

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Tanacetum indicum
• Dendranthema indicum

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. Within the subclass Magnoliidae, it is further categorized under the order Asterales and the family Asteraceae. Finally, its taxonomic identity is defined by the genus Chrysanthemum.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a broad distribution across several regions of Europe. In Southwestern Europe, it can be found growing in France and Portugal. Its presence also extends to the Baleares islands within the same southwestern territory. Moving toward Southeastern Europe, the species is documented in Italy. Finally, the geographical range includes Bulgaria, completing its spread across these diverse European landscapes.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Chrysanthemum indicum is characterized by its remarkable adaptability to various anthropogenic and disturbed environments. While it can be found in indoor settings under controlled conditions, it frequently colonizes open, disturbed areas such as roadsides, where it thrives in the sunlight and nutrient-rich runoff common to these margins. This ability to inhabit roadside habitats suggests a high tolerance for fluctuating environmental stressors and a competitive edge in transitional zones where natural vegetation has been displaced. As a resilient species, its ecological presence in these human-impacted landscapes allows it to exploit niches that are often unavailable to more sensitive flora.

Habitat :

indoor, roadsides

Life history

The life history of Chrysanthemum indicum is characterized by its classification as a perennial species, though its growth patterns can exhibit variable tendencies depending on environmental conditions and local climates. As a perennial, the plant is capable of surviving for multiple growing seasons, often establishing a robust root system that allows it to persist through seasonal changes. The life cycle typically begins with germination from seed or vegetative propagation, leading to the development of a bushy, herbaceous structure. Over its lifespan, the plant undergoes seasonal cycles of vegetative growth followed by a reproductive phase, during which it produces characteristic flowering heads. While it maintains a perennial nature, its vigor and the duration of its individual life cycles may fluctuate, sometimes behaving with the rapid turnover seen in annual or biennial cycles if subjected to extreme stress or specific cultivation practices.

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Chrysanthemum indicum is characterized by its growth form as a non-woody herb, typically manifesting as a self-supporting plant rather than a climber, liana, or vine. It is a terrestrial species, existing as an independent organism without parasitic or epiphytic tendencies, avoiding aquatic or semiaquatic habitats. The plant maintains a relatively low stature, with a height ranging from a minimum of 0.1 m to a maximum of 1 m. As a non-woody herb, its structure is herbaceous throughout, lacking the lignified tissues found in shrubs or trees.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

1 m

Plant height min:

0.1 m

Woodiness :

non-woody

Reproduction

The reproduction of Chrysanthemum indicum is characterized by a specific flowering phenology and the production of extremely lightweight seeds. The flowering period typically commences in August and concludes in September, although the timing can be variable depending on environmental conditions. During this reproductive phase, the plant produces seeds that are remarkably small and uniform in size; the seed mass remains constant across its measured range, with a minimum, mean, and maximum value all recorded at 0.00036 g. This minimal seed mass facilitates efficient dispersal, ensuring the continuation of the species through its seasonal blooming cycle.

Flowering time :

Aug

Flowering time :

Sep

Seed mass mean:

0.00036 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Chrysanthemum indicum has 2 reported plant parts identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include flower, leaf.

Flower

1. Journal of advanced research
2. Journal of natural products
3. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials
4. Journal of cosmetic science
5. Planta medica

Leaf

1. Parasitology research
2. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

Chemicals

Chrysanthemum indicum has 56 reported phytochemicals identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include luteolin, Flavonoids, Linarin, apigenin, CHLOROGENIC ACID.

luteolin

1. Chinese herbal medicines
2. PloS one
3. Journal of cosmetic dermatology
4. Food & function
5. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Flavonoids

1. Food & function
2. International journal of molecular sciences
3. Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology
4. The American journal of Chinese medicine
5. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Linarin

1. Chinese herbal medicines
2. PloS one
3. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
4. Food & function
5. Frontiers in pharmacology

apigenin

1. PloS one
2. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology
4. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials
5. Frontiers in pharmacology

CHLOROGENIC ACID

1. Chinese herbal medicines
2. PloS one
3. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
5. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid

1. Food & function
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Diosmetin

1. Cell reports
2. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials
3. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

acacetin

1. PloS one
2. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

caffeic acid

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

quercetin

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. International journal of molecular sciences

Activities

Chrysanthemum indicum has 7 reported activities identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective, Hypoglycemic.

Antioxidant

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. BMC plant biology

Antibacterial

1. Journal of cosmetic dermatology

Anticancer

1. The American journal of Chinese medicine

Hepatoprotective

1. International journal of molecular sciences

Hypoglycemic

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Neuroprotective

1. International journal of molecular sciences

Tyrosinase-Inhibitor

1. Journal of cosmetic dermatology

Conditions

Chrysanthemum indicum has 36 reported investigations on conditions identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include inflammation, drought, gout, multidrug resistance, oxidative stress.

Inflammation

1. Computers in biology and medicine
2. Frontiers in pharmacology
3. Molecular biology reports

Drought

1. Frontiers in plant science
2. The New phytologist

Gout

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology
2. Frontiers in pharmacology

Multidrug resistance

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2. Natural product research

Oxidative stress

1. Computers in biology and medicine
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Cdcl2

1. Frontiers in plant science

Japanese encephalitis

1. The Indian journal of medical research

Pemphigus

1. The American journal of Chinese medicine

Plasmodium falciparum

1. Parasitology research

Type 2 diabetes

1. Experimental and therapeutic medicine

Preparations

Chrysanthemum indicum has 14 reported preparations identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include C. indicum E10, C. indicum extracts, Chrysanthemum indicum methanol, MeOH extract, alcohol extracts.

C. indicum e10

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

C. indicum extracts

1. Journal of cosmetic dermatology

Chrysanthemum indicum methanol

1. Journal of cosmetic dermatology

Meoh extract

1. Journal of natural products

Alcohol extracts

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Aqueous extracts

1. Journal of medicinal food

Ethanolic extract

1. Oncology reports

Flowers

1. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials

Fractionated extracts

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Leaf extracts

1. Parasitology research