What to know about Chrysanthemum indicum (yellow chrysanthemum) before using it medicinally

Chrysanthemum indicum, commonly known as yellow chrysanthemum, is a herb revered for its remarkable health-enhancing properties, particularly in improving digestion, reducing inflammation, and boosting the immune system.

In the horticultural world, it is prized for its relatively easy cultivation and versatility, being able to thrive in a wide range of climates and environments. As a botanical, it belongs to the Asteraceae family and is characterized by its distinctive daisy-like flowers and feathery leaves.

Historically, Chrysanthemum indicum has been celebrated in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, with records dating back to the Han Dynasty.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Chrysanthemum indicum.

What are the medicinal properties of Chrysanthemum indicum?

Chrysanthemum indicum helps with fever reduction, sore throat relief, and digestion improvement. Its flowers and leaves have been traditionally used in herbal medicine to treat various ailments. It is also used to relieve menstrual cramps and promote overall well-being. Its antimicrobial properties help combat bacterial and fungal infections. The plant is often used in combination with other herbs for enhanced medicinal effects.

The active constituents of Chrysanthemum indicum responsible for its medicinal properties include flavonoids, phenolic acids, and sesquiterpenes. These compounds possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, contributing to the plant's therapeutic effects. The flavonoids, in particular, have been shown to have vasodilatory and antiplatelet activities. The phenolic acids exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while the sesquiterpenes display antimicrobial and antifungal activities.

The parts of Chrysanthemum indicum most used for medicinal purposes are its flowers and leaves. The flowers are rich in essential oils, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, making them ideal for treating fever, sore throat, and respiratory issues. The leaves, on the other hand, are used to treat digestive problems, such as constipation and diarrhea. The roots and stems are also used, although to a lesser extent, for their medicinal properties.

Chrysanthemum indicum can cause adverse effects when used improperly. Prolonged consumption of large quantities may lead to gastrointestinal upset, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It may also interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners and diabetes medications, reducing their effectiveness. In rare cases, hypersensitivity reactions, such as allergic dermatitis, have been reported.

To use Chrysanthemum indicum medicinally, it is essential to take precautions. Consult a healthcare professional before using the plant, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medications. The recommended dosage and preparation method should be followed to avoid adverse effects. Fresh or dried flowers and leaves can be used, and the plant can be taken in various forms, including tea, capsules, and tinctures.

What are the horticulural aspects of Chrysanthemum indicum?

Chrysanthemum indicum grow best in temperate climates with cool winters and hot summers, requiring full sun to partial shade, and well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0.

Chrysanthemum indicum can be planted in spring or fall, 12 to 18 inches apart, in a location with good air circulation to prevent disease, and water regularly to keep the soil moist, but not waterlogged. Mulching around the base helps retain moisture and suppress weeds.

For optimal blooming, Chrysanthemum indicum should be harvested when the flowers are fully open, usually in late fall, and the buds should be cut back to the base of the plant after blooming, to encourage new growth. Deadheading also promotes bushy growth and prevents seed production.

Common pests that affect Chrysanthemum indicum include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites, which can be controlled using neem oil, insecticidal soap, or pyrethrin sprays. Diseases such as powdery mildew and leaf spot can be treated with fungicides, and root rot is often caused by overwatering, which can be corrected by improving drainage and reducing water intake.

What are the botanical aspects of Chrysanthemum indicum?

Chrysanthemum indicum is a perennial plant that grows up to 1 meter in height. Its stem is hairy, woody, and has a swollen base. The leaves are ovate, 5-10 cm long, and have 3-5 lobes. They are alternate, simple, and have a hairy lower surface.

The taxonomical classification of C. indicum is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids, Order: Asterales, Family: Asteraceae, Genus: Chrysanthemum, Species: C. indicum. This classification reflects its evolutionary relationships with other plants.

There are several variants of C. indicum, including 'Sheffield Pink', 'Mrs. Roberts', and 'Huntingdon'. These variants differ in their flower color, size, and foliage characteristics. Some are compact and dwarf, while others grow to be larger and more sprawling.

Chrysanthemum indicum is native to East Asia, particularly in China, Japan, and Korea. It has also been naturalized in other parts of Asia, as well as in the Pacific Islands. The plant thrives in temperate regions with mild winters and warm summers.

The life cycle of C. indicum involves a period of dormancy during winter, when the plant's growth is arrested. In spring, new growth begins, and the plant produces stems and flowers. The flowers bloom in mid to late summer, and then fade as the plant prepares for another period of dormancy.

What are the historical aspects of Chrysanthemum indicum?

Chrysanthemum indicum is a plant that has been utilized for medicinal, culinary, and ornamental purposes for thousands of years. In traditional Chinese medicine, the plant's flowers and leaves are used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions.

In ancient Chinese mythology, the chrysanthemum is associated with the goddess of the harvest, Chang'e. According to legend, Chang'e consumed the elixir of immortality, which caused her to ascend to heaven, where she was transformed into a chrysanthemum. This mythological reference emphasizes the plant's significance in Chinese culture.

In East Asian cultures, the chrysanthemum is a symbol of longevity, honor, and loyalty. The plant's blooms are often used in traditional rituals and ceremonies to honor ancestors and express gratitude. In Japan, the chrysanthemum crest, known as the "chrysanthemum crest of the Emperor," is a symbol of imperial authority.

Historical texts, such as the Bencao Gangmu (1596) and the Materia Medica (265 CE), describe the medicinal properties and uses of the chrysanthemum. These texts also provide information on the plant's cultivation, harvesting, and preparation for medicinal purposes. The chrysanthemum is mentioned in several Chinese classics, including the Shennong Bencao Jing (200 BCE).

Archaeological finds, such as ceramics and tomb decorations, demonstrate the significance of the chrysanthemum in ancient Chinese art and culture. Excavations at the tomb of the first Emperor of Qin (210 BCE) uncovered ceramic vessels featuring chrysanthemum designs, highlighting the plant's importance in early Chinese art and symbolism.