What to know about Chelidonium majus (celandine) before using it medicinally

Chelidonium majus, commonly known as celandine, is a herb that boasts a multitude of health properties, from anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits to improved digestion and reduced stress levels, making it a valuable addition to any wellness routine.

Cultivated for its ornamental and medicinal value, the Chelidonium majus plant is relatively easy to grow, thriving in a variety of conditions and requiring minimal maintenance. From a botanical standpoint, this herb belongs to the Papaveraceae family and is characterized by its bright yellow flowers and large, ovate leaves, which contain a unique alkaloid profile.

The ancient Greeks and Romans prized Chelidonium majus for its medicinal properties, and it has since been used throughout history in various forms, including as a tea, tincture, and topical application.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Chelidonium majus.

What are the medicinal properties of Chelidonium majus?

Chelidonium majus helps with treating various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions such as eczema and acne. Its medicinal properties also extend to treating gastrointestinal issues like indigestion and constipation.

The plant's active constituents, including berberine and protoberberine alkaloids, are responsible for its medicinal properties. These compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities. Berberine, in particular, is a key component, displaying potent antimicrobial effects.

The root and rhizome of Chelidonium majus are most commonly used for medicinal purposes. The root is rich in alkaloids, including berberine and palmatine, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. The rhizome, on the other hand, is often used to treat skin conditions and promote wound healing.

Improper use of Chelidonium majus can lead to side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic reactions, and photosensitivity. Prolonged use may also lead to interactions with other medications and exacerbate underlying conditions.

Precautions when using Chelidonium majus medicinally include monitoring blood pressure and sugar levels, as well as being aware of potential interactions with other medications. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare professional before using the plant, and individuals with allergies or sensitivities should exercise caution.

What are the horticulural aspects of Chelidonium majus?

Chelidonium majus grow best in partial shade and moist, fertile soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It thrives in woodland environments and can tolerate a range of soil types, from acidic to alkaline. The plant requires adequate water but is drought-tolerant once established.

For optimal growth, plant Chelidonium majus in spring or fall, when temperatures range from 10°C to 20°C (50°F to 68°F). Sow seeds 1-2 cm deep and 30 cm apart in a nursery bed or directly in the garden. Transplant seedlings 15-20 cm deep and 30-45 cm apart when they are 20-25 cm tall.

To harvest Chelidonium majus, collect the leaves and flowers as needed, or wait for the whole plant to die back in autumn. Dig up the roots in late winter or early spring, when they are dormant, and dry them for later use. Harvesting the plant regularly encourages new growth.

Common pests affecting Chelidonium majus include aphids, caterpillars, and slugs. Root rot and leaf spot diseases, caused by fungi such as Fusarium and Septoria, can also occur. Regularly inspect plants for signs of infestation or infection and treat promptly to prevent the spread of disease.

What are the botanical aspects of Chelidonium majus?

Chelidonium majus is a perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the Papaveraceae family. Its stem is erect, glabrous, and quadrangular, reaching heights of 30-90 cm. Leaves are alternate, ovate, and cordate, with 3-5 pairs of lobes and a petiole that is 1-3 cm long.

Chelidonium majus is classified as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids, Order: Ranunculales, Family: Papaveraceae, Genus: Chelidonium, Species: C. majus. The plant is sometimes placed in the Berberidopsidales order.

Variants of Chelidonium majus include: Chelidonium majus var. majus, Chelidonium majus var. corymbiferum, and Chelidonium majus var. montanum. These variants differ in their leaf shape, stem length, and flowering habits. Some sources also recognize Chelidonium hybridum as a distinct variant.

Chelidonium majus is native to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. It has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including North America, where it has become an invasive species in some areas. The plant grows in a variety of habitats, including woodlands, meadows, and along streams.

The life cycle of Chelidonium majus begins with germination in the spring, when seeds are triggered to grow by warming temperatures. The plant reaches maturity in mid-summer, producing yellow flowers that are rich in alkaloids and other bioactive compounds. Fruits are formed in late summer, containing seeds that can remain viable for many years.

What are the historical aspects of Chelidonium majus?

Chelidonium majus is a perennial herb that has been used medicinally for centuries. Its roots and leaves were used to treat various ailments, including skin conditions, fever, and digestive issues. In medieval Europe, it was used to treat the "English disease," a term used to describe a condition characterized by a painful swelling in the groin.

In ancient Greek and Roman mythology, celandine was associated with the sun god, Apollo, and was said to have the power to ward off evil spirits. The plant was also linked to the goddess of love, Aphrodite, and was used in rituals to promote fertility and passion.

In medieval herbology, celandine was associated with the element of fire and was used to symbolize purification, protection, and healing. It was also used in spells to ward off evil spirits and to promote spiritual growth. In some traditions, celandine is still used as a protective charm against witchcraft and evil eye.

In the 16th century, German physician Leonhart Fuchs described celandine in his book "De Historia Stirpium," noting its medicinal properties and uses. In the 17th century, English herbalist John Gerard included celandine in his book "Herball," describing its uses for treating various ailments.

Historical artifacts depicting celandine include a 16th-century woodcut by German artist and botanist Leonhart Fuchs, which shows the plant's distinctive yellow flowers and heart-shaped leaves. A 17th-century painting by Dutch artist Jan Brueghel the Younger features celandine as a prominent element in a still life composition.