What to know about Centella asiatica (asiatic pennywort) before using it medicinally

Centella asiatica, commonly known as Asiatic pennywort, is a revered herb in traditional medicine for its impressive array of health-promoting properties, from reducing inflammation and improving skin health to enhancing cognitive function and boosting antioxidant defenses.

As a popular ingredient in herbal teas, skincare products, and supplements, it is prized for its hardy growth habit and adaptability to various climates, making it an accessible crop for gardeners and farmers. Botanically, Centella asiatica is a member of the Apiaceae family, characterized by its distinctive four-petaled flowers and its unique ability to thrive in a wide range of environments.

With ancient roots dating back to the Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine traditions, Centella asiatica has been celebrated for centuries for its diverse health benefits and versatility.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Centella asiatica.

What are the medicinal properties of Centella asiatica?

Centella asiatica helps with various health conditions, including cognitive impairment, memory loss, and anxiety. It has also been used to treat skin conditions, such as eczema and psoriasis. Additionally, it is used to reduce inflammation and improve wound healing. The plant has antioxidant properties and is used as a natural remedy for fever and rheumatism.

The active constituents of Centella asiatica include triterpenoid saponins, such as asiatic acid and madecassic acid, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The plant also contains flavonoids and phenolic acids, which contribute to its medicinal properties.

The leaves of Centella asiatica are the most commonly used part of the plant for medicinal purposes. They are typically dried and made into capsules or teas. The leaves contain the highest concentration of active constituents, making them the most effective part of the plant for medicinal use.

Possible side effects of Centella asiatica include allergic reactions, digestive issues, and interactions with other medications. The plant can cause skin irritation, itching, and hives in some individuals. It can also interact with blood thinners, diabetes medications, and other medications.

Precautions when using Centella asiatica medicinally include pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid using it, as it may stimulate the uterus and cause miscarriage. It is also recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using the plant, especially if taking other medications. A dose of 400-1000 mg per day is recommended.

What are the horticulural aspects of Centella asiatica?

Centella asiatica grow in tropical and subtropical regions, requiring full sun to partial shade and well-draining soil with pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It can thrive in a variety of soil types, from sandy to clay loam.

For optimal growth, Centella asiatica prefers moist soil, but excessive water should be avoided to prevent root rot. Planting in a location with moderate temperatures between 15°C and 30°C (59°F to 86°F) is also recommended. A spacing of 10-15 cm (4-6 in) between plants is ideal for proper growth.

Harvesting Centella asiatica is best done when the leaves are fully expanded and the plant is at least 10-15 cm (4-6 in) tall. Cut the stems just above a node, leaving a small portion of stem intact to promote regrowth. Harvesting should be done in the morning, when the plant contains the highest concentration of active compounds.

Centella asiatica is susceptible to pests like aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites, which can be managed using neem oil or insecticidal soap. Root rot and leaf spot diseases can also affect the plant, caused by overwatering or poor drainage. Regular pruning and good hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of these diseases.

What are the botanical aspects of Centella asiatica?

Centella asiatica is a perennial herb native to tropical and subtropical regions. It has a creeping habit, with stems up to 10 cm long, bearing alternate, ovate to lanceolate leaves that are 5-10 cm long and 2-4 cm wide.

The taxonomical classification of Centella asiatica is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids, Order: Apiales, Family: Apiaceae, Genus: Centella, Species: C. asiatica. This classification indicates its relationship to other plants within the Apiaceae family.

There are four recognized variants of Centella asiatica: C. asiatica var. asiatica, C. asiatica var. coriacea, C. asiatica var. japonica, and C. asiatica var. virgata. These variants differ primarily in leaf shape and size, but not in their medicinal properties.

Centella asiatica is found in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. It is commonly found in wetland areas, including riverbanks, ponds, and lakes. Its distribution is limited by temperature and moisture requirements, preferring full sun to partial shade.

The life cycle of Centella asiatica is as follows: germination occurs in 1-2 weeks, followed by vegetative growth, flowering, and seed production. Flowering occurs from July to September, and seed production occurs from August to October. Seeds are dispersed by water, completing the life cycle.

What are the historical aspects of Centella asiatica?

Centella asiatica, also known as Asiatic pennywort, is a plant with a rich history of traditional uses in various cultures. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is valued for its rejuvenating and anti-inflammatory properties. In Chinese medicine, it is used to improve memory and cognitive function. In traditional Southeast Asian medicine, it is used to treat skin conditions and improve overall health.

In Hindu and Buddhist mythologies, Centella asiatica is associated with the goddess Lakshmi, who is said to have used its leaves to treat her skin. In ancient Hindu texts, the plant is also mentioned as a symbol of good luck and prosperity. The plant is also associated with the concept of "Ayurvedic rasayana," which refers to a group of plants believed to promote longevity and rejuvenation.

In various cultures, Centella asiatica is associated with symbolic meanings such as longevity, good luck, and prosperity. In Thai culture, it is believed to bring good fortune and wealth, while in Chinese culture, it is associated with the concept of "yin" and "yang" balance. The plant is also seen as a symbol of spiritual growth and enlightenment.

Centella asiatica is mentioned in several ancient historical texts, including the Charaka Samhita, which dates back to the 4th century CE. The text describes the plant's medicinal properties and uses it to treat various ailments. The plant is also mentioned in the Ayurvedic text, the Ashtanga Hridayam, which dates back to the 15th century CE.

Archaeological artifacts and ancient pottery have been found with depictions of Centella asiatica. In ancient Southeast Asian art, the plant is often depicted as a symbol of good luck and prosperity. In ancient Indian and Chinese art, the plant is often shown in conjunction with the goddess Lakshmi and other deities, highlighting its importance in spiritual and medicinal contexts.