By Leen Randell

Updated: Oct 21, 2024

What to know about Centaurium erythraea before using it medicinally

Centaurium erythraea, commonly known as red valerian, is a medicinal herb with a long history of use in traditional medicine.

It is primarily used to treat various health conditions, including insomnia, restlessness, anxiety, and digestive issues, such as dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. The main health benefits of Centaurium erythraea include its sedative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. The herb contains a range of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and iridoid glycosides, which are responsible for its medicinal properties.

People often prepare a herbal tea by infusing the dried flowers and leaves of Centaurium erythraea in hot water, which is commonly consumed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety, insomnia, and digestive issues.

The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Centaurium erythraea, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.

ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Centaurium erythraea provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.

BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Centaurium erythraea. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.

What are the main medicinal uses of Centaurium erythraea?

The main medicinal uses of Centaurium erythraea are treating diabetes with its antidiabetic compounds like iridoid glycosides, which help regulate blood sugar levels.

Additionally, this plant is used for kidney stone relief due to its diuretic properties, which increase urine production and help flush out minerals that form stones. Centaurium erythraea is also effective in treating urinary tract infections and anxiety by exhibiting antimicrobial activity and modulating the central nervous system, respectively. Its vasodilatory action helps alleviate hypertension, while the iridoid glycosides also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, which contribute to the relief of digestive issues and fever.

Furthermore, the plant's diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties also help in the treatment of prostate issues, gout, and diarrhea.

The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Centaurium erythraea.

The list below provide more details on why Centaurium erythraea is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.

• Diabetes: This plant has been traditionally used to treat diabetes due to its reported ability to regulate blood sugar levels, attributed to its flavonoid and iridoid glycoside content, which may help to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
• Kidney Stones: It has been used to treat kidney stones, as its flavonoids and other compounds may help to dissolve and eliminate kidney stones by increasing urine output and improving kidney function.
• Urinary Tract Infections: This plant has been traditionally used to treat urinary tract infections, as its flavonoids and iridoid glycosides may have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to eliminate the infection and reduce inflammation.
• Hypertension: It has been used to treat hypertension due to its reported ability to relax blood vessels and reduce blood pressure, attributed to its flavonoid and iridoid glycoside content, which may help to improve blood flow and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Gastritis: This plant has been traditionally used to treat gastritis, as its flavonoids and other compounds may have anti-inflammatory and protective effects on the stomach lining, which can help to reduce inflammation and promote healing.
• Asthma: It has been used to treat asthma due to its reported ability to relax airway smooth muscles and reduce inflammation, attributed to its flavonoid and iridoid glycoside content, which may help to improve lung function and reduce symptoms of asthma.
• Eczema: This plant has been traditionally used to treat eczema, as its flavonoids and other compounds may have anti-inflammatory and soothing effects on the skin, which can help to reduce inflammation and promote healing.
• Rheumatism: It has been used to treat rheumatism due to its reported ability to reduce inflammation and pain, attributed to its flavonoid and iridoid glycoside content, which may help to improve joint function and reduce symptoms of rheumatism.
• Incontinence: This plant has been traditionally used to treat incontinence, as its flavonoids and other compounds may have a beneficial effect on the bladder and urinary system, which can help to improve bladder function and reduce symptoms of incontinence.
• Diarrhea: It has been used to treat diarrhea due to its reported ability to regulate bowel movements and reduce inflammation, attributed to its flavonoid and iridoid glycoside content, which may help to improve gut health and reduce symptoms of diarrhea.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Centaurium erythraea, in each of the major medicinal systems.

Modern Western Medicine

In modern western medicine, Centaurium erythraea is used to treat a variety of health conditions, including diabetes, where it has been shown to have a hypoglycemic effect, and urinary tract infections, where its antimicrobial properties help combat bacteria.

Additionally, it is used to alleviate symptoms of gastroenteritis, a gastrointestinal disorder caused by food or waterborne pathogens, and kidney stones, where its diuretic properties help increase urine production. Prostate issues, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia, are also treated with Centaurium erythraea, which has been found to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it is used to treat diarrhea, hypertension, and inflammation, which are conditions often associated with oxidative stress and chronic diseases.

Its applications also extend to the treatment of asthma, cystitis, influenza, gastritis, hemorrhoids, prostatitis, dyspepsia, hepatitis, incontinence, kidney disease, eczema, urinary incontinence, and other conditions, making it a valuable herb in modern medicine.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

In traditional chinese medicine, Centaurium erythraea is used to treat diabetes through its ability to regulate blood sugar levels, as well as kidney stones by aiding in the removal of stone-forming minerals from the body.

It is also utilized to combat urinary tract infections by reducing bacterial growth and inflammation, while its antacids properties make it effective in treating gastritis and diarrhea. Additionally, Centaurium erythraea is applied to treat cystitis, hypertension through its diuretic effects, and gastroenteritis by enhancing digestion and reducing inflammation. Furthermore, it is employed in the management of stomach ulcers, cystitis, prostatitis, prostate issues, eczema, rheumatism, dyspepsia, and asthma, as well as fever, digestive issues and inflammation.

Moreover, Centaurium erythraea is used to alleviate urinary incontinence and osteoarthritis through its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, and prostatitis and prostate issues.

Ayurvedic Medicine

In ayurvedic medicine, Centaurium erythraea is used to treat diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels through its antioxidant properties.

It also helps to break down kidney stones by increasing urine production and reducing inflammation. Additionally, Centaurium erythraea is used to alleviate urinary tract infections by its antimicrobial activity, while it helps to manage hypertension by balancing the body's energy. Furthermore, it is used to treat gastritis, asthma, eczema, gout, digestive issues, arthritis, urinary incontinence, inflammation, gastroenteritis, fever, prostate issues, anxiety, anemia, bronchitis, and hepatitis, with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Centaurium erythraea is also used to treat cystitis, which is often caused by bacterial infections, making it a valuable herb in the treatment of various urinary tract disorders.

Unani Medicine

In unani medicine, Centaurium erythraea is used to treat diabetes, kidney stones, and hypertension by regulating blood sugar levels and reducing uric acid production.

Its diuretic properties help alleviate urinary tract infections, gastritis, and cystitis, while its anti-inflammatory properties soothe rheumatism and eczema. The plant is also employed to manage epilepsy, gout, and arthritis through its antioxidant and anticonvulsant effects, and its antiseptic properties aid in the treatment of prostatitis and peptic ulcer. Additionally, Centaurium erythraea is used to address anemia, diarrhea, and hyperlipidemia by enhancing iron absorption, reducing gut inflammation, and lowering cholesterol levels.

Furthermore, it is used to alleviate high blood pressure, urinary incontinence, tuberculosis, and eczema, making it a valuable herb in unani medicine.

Homeopathic Medicine

In homeopathic medicine, Centaurium erythraea is used to treat diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels and kidney stones by preventing the formation of oxalate crystals.

It is also used for urinary tract infections due to its antimicrobial properties and for hypertension by improving cardiovascular function. Additionally, Centaurium erythraea is used to alleviate rheumatism by reducing inflammation and dyspepsia through its carminative properties, while also addressing gastritis with its anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, it is used to treat hemorrhoids, digestive issues, and eczema due to its anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as urinary incontinence and diarrhea through its laxative action.

Centaurium erythraea is also effective in treating urinary tract infection, inflammation, prostate issues, nephritis, migraine, gout, menorrhagia, and prostatitis.

What are the primary health benefits of Centaurium erythraea?

Centaurium erythraea antibacterial action inhibits the growth of certain bacteria, preventing infections.

The plant's anti-inflammatory effect reduces swelling and pain, while its antioxidant properties protect cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Antiviral activity has been observed in Centaurium erythraea, showing its ability to inhibit the replication of certain viruses. Cardiovascular protection is also provided by the plant, due to its ability to reduce blood pressure and prevent the formation of blood clots.

Additionally, the plant exhibits hepatoprotective action by reducing liver damage and promoting the regeneration of liver cells, while also exhibiting neuroprotective effect, pain relieving action, and uroprotective properties that contribute to its overall therapeutic value.

The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Centaurium erythraea.

The list below provides more details on why Centaurium erythraea offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.

• Antibacterial Action: This plant contains compounds that exhibit antibacterial properties, which help to inhibit the growth of bacteria and prevent the development of bacterial infections. The antibacterial compounds in this plant are likely responsible for its ability to fight off bacterial infections and promote healing in the body.
• Anti-Inflammatory Effect: This plant contains bioactive compounds that have anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce inflammation and alleviate pain in the body. The anti-inflammatory compounds in this plant may help to prevent or treat conditions such as arthritis, gout, and other inflammatory diseases.
• Antioxidant Properties: This plant contains antioxidants that help to neutralize free radicals in the body, which can cause oxidative stress and damage to cells. The antioxidants in this plant may help to protect against cell damage, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and promote overall health and well-being.
• Antiviral Activity: This plant contains compounds that exhibit antiviral properties, which help to inhibit the growth of viruses and prevent the development of viral infections. The antiviral compounds in this plant may help to fight off viral infections, such as the common cold and flu, and promote recovery in the body.
• Cardiovascular Protection: This plant contains compounds that help to lower cholesterol levels, prevent blood clots, and reduce blood pressure, all of which can contribute to cardiovascular health. The cardiovascular-protective compounds in this plant may help to reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular conditions.
• Hepatoprotective Action: This plant contains compounds that help to protect the liver from damage, promote liver health, and prevent liver disease. The hepatoprotective compounds in this plant may help to prevent liver damage caused by toxins, reduce the risk of liver disease, and promote overall liver health.
• Neuroprotective Effect: This plant contains bioactive compounds that have neuroprotective properties, which help to protect the brain and nervous system from damage. The neuroprotective compounds in this plant may help to prevent or treat conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
• Pain Relieving Action: This plant contains compounds that exhibit analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce pain and alleviate discomfort in the body. The pain-relieving compounds in this plant may help to prevent or treat conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, and other chronic pain conditions.
• Respiratory Relief: This plant contains compounds that help to relieve respiratory symptoms, such as congestion, coughing, and difficulty breathing. The respiratory-relieving compounds in this plant may help to prevent or treat conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, and other respiratory diseases.
• Uroprotective Properties: This plant contains compounds that help to protect the urinary tract from damage, promote urinary health, and prevent urinary tract infections. The uroprotective compounds in this plant may help to prevent urinary tract damage, reduce the risk of urinary tract infections, and promote overall urinary health.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Centaurium erythraea for each of the major body system.

Circulatory System

Centaurium erythraea improves blood flow due to its vasodilatory properties, which help to relax and widen blood vessels.

It enhances circulation by reducing blood viscosity, making it easier for blood to flow through the circulatory system, and also protects blood clots from forming by its anticoagulant properties. Additionally, Centaurium erythraea reduces blood pressure by exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the cardiovascular system, which in turn boosts oxygen delivery to tissues and organs.

By stimulating cardiac function, Centaurium erythraea activates blood vessels, increases red blood cells, and regulates blood viscosity, ultimately leading to improved microcirculation.

The medicinal benefits of Centaurium erythraea on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Varicose veins
• Poor circulation
• Raynaud's disease
• Chronic venous insufficiency

Digestive System

Centaurium erythraea reduces inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which help in alleviating digestive issues.

Eliminating bloating is facilitated by its antimicrobial properties that inhibit the growth of pathogens in the gut. Preventing diarrhea is a result of its ability to soothe irritation in the digestive tract, while relieving constipation is made possible by its antioxidant properties that promote the health of digestive enzymes. Improving digestion is achieved through the activation of digestive enzymes, and its anti-inflammatory properties also contribute to alleviating nausea.

The plant's antimicrobial properties also enable it to treat ulcers, heal gut lining damage, and cure dyspepsia.

The medicinal benefits of Centaurium erythraea on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Diarrhea
• Ulcers
• Gastritis
• Colitis
• Irritable bowel syndrome

Endocrine System

Centaurium erythraea regulates hormones by modulating the endocrine system's response to stress, which in turn stabilizes adrenal function, allowing the body to maintain a delicate balance of hormones.

This plant also balances thyroid function, ensuring the proper metabolism of iodine and the production of thyroid hormones. Moreover, Centaurium erythraea improves insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of developing insulin resistance and related disorders, while boosting testosterone levels in individuals with hypogonadism. Additionally, Centaurium erythraea reduces cortisol levels, alleviating symptoms of Cushing's syndrome and other cortisol-related disorders, and supports metabolism by enhancing the body's ability to convert food into energy.

By protecting the pituitary gland from oxidative stress, Centaurium erythraea maintains ovarian function, promotes a healthy pancreas, and ensures the proper function of the endocrine system as a whole.

The medicinal benefits of Centaurium erythraea on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Diabetes
• Hypoglycemia
• Hypothyroidism
• Polycystic ovary syndrome

Integumentary System

Centaurium erythraea soothes skin irritation due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which reduce redness and prevent infection.

This plant reduces acne formation by inhibiting the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, a bacteria that contributes to the development of acne. Centaurium erythraea also inhibits the inflammatory response, protects against sun damage through its antioxidant properties, and accelerates wound healing by promoting tissue regeneration and collagen synthesis. Its anti-itching properties relieve itching symptoms by reducing histamine release and promoting skin hydration.

Centaurium erythraea enhances moisturizing properties, improves skin elasticity by stimulating collagen production, neutralizes free radicals, and fades skin discoloration through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The medicinal benefits of Centaurium erythraea on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Burns
• Wounds
• Skin ulcers
• Eczema
• Psoriasis

Lymphatic System

Centaurium erythraea improves lymph flow by stimulating the lymphatic vessels, which enhances lymph drainage and allows the lymphatic system to efficiently remove waste and toxins.

This process boosts lymph function, supporting the immune system and preventing the accumulation of pathogens. Centaurium erythraea stimulates lymph nodes, activating the lymphatic system and facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waste. The plant's antimicrobial properties reduce lymph inflammation, while its antioxidant properties regenerate lymph tissues and protect lymph organs from oxidative damage.

As a result, Centaurium erythraea relieves lymph swelling, alleviating symptoms associated with lymphedema and promoting healthy lymphatic function.

The medicinal benefits of Centaurium erythraea on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Lymphedema
• Lymphadenitis
• Swollen glands
• Lymphangitis
• Lymph node inflammation

Musculoskeletal System

Centaurium erythraea reduces joint inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which help to minimize the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce oxidative stress.

Decreases muscle pain is facilitated by its analgesic and antispasmodic properties, which inhibit the release of pain-causing neurotransmitters and relax muscle spasms. Centaurium erythraea also relaxes muscle tension by exhibiting a calming effect on the nervous system, thereby reducing muscle excitability.

Prevents bone loss is attributed to its ability to stimulate the production of osteoblasts, cells responsible for bone formation, and increase the mineralization of bone tissue. Improving joint mobility is achieved through its lubricating and protective effects on joint cartilage and connective tissue, while Centaurium erythraea reduces muscle spasms by modulating muscle contraction and relaxation.

Centaurium erythraea also increases bone density by promoting the deposition of calcium and other minerals in bone tissue, relieves joint stiffness by enhancing the production of lubricating synovial fluid, soothes muscle fatigue by reducing lactic acid buildup, and enhances bone regeneration by stimulating the proliferation of osteoblasts.

The medicinal benefits of Centaurium erythraea on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Tendinitis
• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Muscle spasms
• Bursitis
• Tendinosis

Nervous System

Centaurium erythraea reduces anxiety through its sedative effects, which are attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids with antioxidant properties.

Alleviating stress is another benefit of this plant, due to its adaptogenic properties that enable the body to cope with stress and adapt to changing environments. The flavonoids and phenolic acids present in Centaurium erythraea also regulate mood by influencing the activity of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, which play a crucial role in modulating mood and emotional responses. Additionally, Centaurium erythraea enhances sleep quality by affecting the body's circadian rhythms and promoting a state of relaxation, which is partly due to its sedative effects and antioxidant properties.

The plant's ability to improve concentration and boost memory is attributed to its neuroprotective properties, which prevent the degradation of brain cells and promote the growth of new neurons.

The medicinal benefits of Centaurium erythraea on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Anxiety
• Insomnia
• Depression
• Stress
• Panic disorder
• Neurasthenia

Reproductive System

Centaurium erythraea fights male infertility due to its antioxidant properties, which protect the delicate balance of reproductive cells from oxidative stress and damage.

This plant treats female sterility through its anti-inflammatory action, reducing inflammation in the reproductive organs and improving their function. Centaurium erythraea increases fertility rates by stimulating ovulation, a process that is regulated by its ability to balance hormonal imbalances in the body. The plant supports the ovulation process and stimulates menstrual cycles with its antimicrobial properties, eliminating pathogens that can disrupt the normal functioning of the reproductive system.

Additionally, Centaurium erythraea alleviates menstrual cramps, enhances reproductive health, prevents uterine fibroids, and improves sperm quality through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

The medicinal benefits of Centaurium erythraea on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Dysmenorrhea
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Endometriosis
• Menopause symptoms
• Premenstrual tension
• Irregular menstruation

Respiratory System

Centaurium erythraea reduces inflammation by exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties, while also soothing coughs through its expectorant action.

This plant relaxes airways and calms wheezing due to its bronchodilatory effect, making it a valuable remedy for respiratory issues. Eases congestion with its mucolytic properties, helping to break down mucus and promote its expulsion. Centaurium erythraea also heals lungs through its antioxidant and antimicrobial actions, protecting them from damage caused by free radicals and infections.

Additionally, it fights infections, protects respiratory tissue, sustains oxygen levels, and relieves colds, showcasing its multifaceted role in respiratory health.

The medicinal benefits of Centaurium erythraea on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Cough
• Tonsillitis
• Sinusitis
• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia

Urinary System

Centaurium erythraea prevents kidney damage due to its antioxidant properties, which neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

It improves urine flow by exerting diuretic and anti-inflammatory effects on the urinary system, relieving pressure and promoting healthy blood flow. The plant cures bladder infections by exhibiting antimicrobial properties that combat bacterial growth and prevent infection. Centaurium erythraea also treats prostate issues, including urinary incontinence, by reducing inflammation and promoting prostate health.

The plant alleviates kidney stones by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, reducing stone formation and promoting the breakdown of existing stones.

The medicinal benefits of Centaurium erythraea on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Bladder infections
• Kidney stones
• Urinary tract infections
• Prostatitis
• Urinary incontinence
• Kidney problems
• Cystitis

What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Centaurium erythraea?

The therapeutic properties of Centaurium erythraea are attributed to its antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, which is primarily due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids.

This plant also exhibits antioxidant properties, helping to protect cells from oxidative damage, thanks to the action of ascorbic acid and other water-soluble vitamins. The anti-inflammatory effects of Centaurium erythraea are thought to be mediated by its bioactive compounds, such as saponins and iridoids, which can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes. Additionally, the plant's analgesic properties are believed to be responsible for its ability to relieve pain, possibly due to the interaction of iridoids with opioid receptors.

Furthermore, Centaurium erythraea possesses antispasmodic, exectorant, and antihemorrhagic properties, which enable it to relax muscles, promote the expulsion of mucus, and prevent or treat hemorrhages, respectively, through the action of volatile oils, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds.

The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Centaurium erythraea.

The list below provides more details on why Centaurium erythraea has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.

• Antimicrobial: Centaurium erythraea has been found to exhibit antimicrobial activity, particularly against certain bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and iridoids.
• Antioxidant: The plant Centaurium erythraea contains antioxidants, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which can scavenge free radicals and protect against oxidative stress and cell damage.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Centaurium erythraea has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to the presence of flavonoids, which can reduce inflammation and alleviate conditions such as arthritis.
• Analgesic: The plant Centaurium erythraea has been found to have analgesic properties, which can help alleviate pain, particularly due to the presence of flavonoids and iridoids that can inhibit the production of pain-causing compounds.
• Antispasmodic: Centaurium erythraea contains compounds such as flavonoids and iridoids, which have been shown to exhibit antispasmodic activity, helping to relax smooth muscles and alleviate conditions such as asthma and bronchitis.
• Expectorant: The plant Centaurium erythraea has been traditionally used as an expectorant, helping to relieve coughs and congestion by increasing the production of mucus and promoting its expulsion from the respiratory tract.
• Antihemorrhagic: Centaurium erythraea has been reported to have antihemorrhagic properties, which can help to stop bleeding and promote wound healing due to the presence of flavonoids and other compounds that can improve blood clotting and reduce bleeding.

What are the major healing constituents of Centaurium erythraea?

The healing constituents of Centaurium erythraea are saponins, which have anti-inflammatory properties and can inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, while phenolic acids, such as ferulic acid, have antioxidant and antimicrobial effects.

Flavonoids, including quercetin, possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and have been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes. Quercetin, specifically, has been found to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, and has been shown to inhibit the activation of inflammatory cells. Tannins, which are also present in Centaurium erythraea, have been found to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, and have been used to treat various skin conditions.

The combination of these constituents in Centaurium erythraea makes it a valuable herb for the treatment of various conditions, including inflammation, infections, and oxidative stress.

The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Centaurium erythraea.

The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Centaurium erythraea and why they are important for health.

• Saponins: A type of complex, naturally occurring molecule that exhibits surfactant and hemolytic properties.
• Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids are a class of compounds found in Centaurium erythraea, characterized by their ability to act as antioxidants, possess anti-inflammatory properties, exhibit antimicrobial activity, and have been found to exhibit potential cytotoxic effects on certain cell lines.
• Flavonoids: Flavonoids are a group of plant-derived compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
• Quercetin: Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential antiviral properties.
• Tannins: Tannins are a type of polyphenolic compound with astringent, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.
• Kaempferol: Kaempferol is a flavonoid glycoside found in Centaurium erythraea, exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free radical scavenging properties.
• Luteolin: Luteolin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
• Iridoids: A type of glycosidic compound with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
• Iridoid Glycosides: Iridoid Glycosides are a type of iridoid compounds found in Centaurium erythraea, possessing anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
• Apigenin: A flavonoid constituent of Centaurium erythraea with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-anxiety properties.

The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Centaurium erythraea and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.

What are the most used parts of Centaurium erythraea in medicine?

The most used parts of Centaurium erythraea for medicinal purposes are flowers, leaves, and roots.

The flowers contain flavonoids, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The leaves are rich in saponins, such as centaurin and erythrocentaurin, that display analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The roots are a source of iridoid glycosides, including centaurin and erythrocentaurin, which possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

These bioactive compounds in the flowers, leaves, and roots of Centaurium erythraea contribute to their medicinal uses in traditional herbal medicine.

The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Centaurium erythraea in medicine.

The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Centaurium erythraea in medicine and why.

• Flowers: The flowers of this plant are rich in flavonoids, especially quercetin and kaempferol, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral properties, providing relief from fever, sore throats, and respiratory issues, while also supporting cardiovascular health and immune function.
• Leaves: The leaves of this plant contain iridoids, including gentiopicroside and swertiamarin, which display anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal properties, leading to benefits in wound healing, digestive issues, and infections, as well as potential effects on blood pressure and lipid profiles.
• Roots: The roots of this plant are characterized by the presence of iridoids, including gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, and erythrocentaurin, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, contributing to therapeutic effects on gastrointestinal disorders, wounds, and infections, while also exhibiting potential antidiabetic and antihypertensive activities.

The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Centaurium erythraea mentioned above.

What are the most common medicinal preparations of Centaurium erythraea?

The most common herbal preparation of Centaurium erythraea for medicinal purposes are tinctures, often used to treat urinary issues and infections due to their antiseptic and antifungal properties.

A salve, on the other hand, is applied topically to alleviate skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis. Decoctions are made by boiling the plant material and are traditionally used to treat respiratory problems like coughs and bronchitis. Centaurium erythraea tea is consumed to help with digestive issues, while capsules containing the plant's extracts are used to support the immune system.

Essential oil preparations are occasionally utilized in aromatherapy to promote relaxation and reduce stress.

The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Centaurium erythraea.

The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Centaurium erythraea and what are their main uses.

• Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat urinary tract infections and to increase urine production, reducing blood sugar levels and improving kidney function in people with type 2 diabetes.
• Salve: Salve made from this plant has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and astringent properties, commonly used to treat mouth sores, gum inflammation, and mild skin irritations.
• Decoction: Decoction made from this plant is used to treat urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and inflammation of the urinary tract, due to its diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Tea: Tea made from this plant is used for treating kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and as a diuretic to increase urine production.
• Capsule: Capsule made from this plant is used to treat urinary disorders, including kidney stones and urinary tract infections, and as a diuretic.
• Essential Oil: Essential oil made from this plant is used to treat urinary tract infections, kidney stones and inflammation of the urinary system, as well as to relieve symptoms of urinary incontinence and nocturia.

The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Centaurium erythraea for each medicinal preparation.

Tincture

Centaurium erythraea tincture is commonly used to treat gastroenteritis, diarrhea, inflammation, digestive issues, gastritis, peptic ulcer, fever and urinary tract infections.

It's widely used due to its proven effectiveness in alleviating these conditions. One of its most common effects is reducing inflammation and promoting healing in the digestive tract. The tincture is typically made from the flowers, leaves and roots of the Centaurium erythraea plant.

However, the process of making this tincture is often complex and labor-intensive, requiring precise extraction and concentration of its active compounds to achieve the desired therapeutic properties.

Below you find an image of Centaurium erythraea tincture.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Centaurium erythraea tincture.

1. Gather fresh or dried Centaurium erythraea flowers, leaves, and roots from a trusted herbal supplier or a sustainable wild source.
2. Combine the gathered Centaurium erythraea flowers, leaves, and roots in a clean glass jar to create a balanced blend.
3. Cover the jar with a lid and macerate the blend in a neutral-tasting carrier oil, such as jojoba or grapeseed oil, for an extended period, typically 2-6 weeks.
4. Strain the macerated blend through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into another clean glass container, discarding the solids and retaining the liquid extract.
5. Transfer the Centaurium erythraea tincture to dark glass bottles and store them in a cool, dark place, ensuring the tincture remains potent and effective for an extended period.

Salve

Centaurium erythraea salve is a topical preparation used to treat various skin conditions, including wounds, burns, bruises, insect bites, skin irritation, herpes, and fungal infections.

It's a widely used remedy due to its effectiveness in soothing and healing the skin. One common effect of this salve is its anti-inflammatory properties, which help reduce redness and swelling. The preparation is typically made from the roots, leaves, and flowers of the Centaurium erythraea plant, which are combined and extracted to create the salve.

However, the process of making this salve can be complex and time-consuming, requiring careful harvesting and preparation of the plant materials to ensure the desired medicinal properties are retained.

Below you find an image of Centaurium erythraea salve.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Centaurium erythraea salve.

1. Harvest Centaurium erythraea roots, leaves, and flowers, and dry them thoroughly.
2. Gather the dried roots, leaves, and flowers, and chop them into smaller pieces.
3. Combine the chopped plant material with a carrier oil, such as olive or coconut oil, in a clean glass jar.
4. Steep the plant material in the carrier oil in a cool, dark place for several weeks, shaking the jar occasionally.
5. Strain the oil through a cheesecloth or coffee filter, discard the solids, and mix the resulting herbal oil with a natural wax, such as beeswax, to create a solid salve.

Decoction

Centaurium erythraea decoction is a traditional herbal remedy used to treat various health conditions.

It's commonly employed to manage diabetes, gastrointestinal issues, peptic ulcers, inflammatory conditions, urinary tract infections, gastritis, respiratory tract infections, kidney stones, prostate issues, and oral infections. This preparation is widely used in folk medicine and is often found in health food stores and online platforms.

One of its common effects is its ability to reduce inflammation and fight off infections. Centaurium erythraea decoction is typically made by infusing the flowers and roots of the plant in boiling water.

The process of making this decoction is moderately difficult, requiring careful measurement of ingredients and a specific steeping time to ensure the optimal release of active compounds.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Centaurium erythraea decoction.

1. Gather Centaurium erythraea flowers and roots, ensuring they are fresh and of good quality.
2. Rinse the flowers and roots with cold water to remove any dirt or impurities.
3. Combine the flowers and roots in a pot, covering them with water to create a decoction.
4. Bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce the heat and let it simmer for an extended period.
5. Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a clean container, discarding the solids.

Tea

Centaurium erythraea tea is a herbal remedy used to treat various health conditions including inflammation, diabetes, hypertension, stress, digestive issues, skin conditions, urinary issues, and fatigue.

This preparation is widely used due to its effectiveness and is often included in herbal medicine cabinets. One of its common effects is lowering blood pressure in people with hypertension. The tea is made from the flowers and leaves of the Centaurium erythraea plant.

It's relatively simple to brew, as it can be steeped in hot water for a few minutes to release its active compounds.

Below you find an image of Centaurium erythraea tea.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Centaurium erythraea tea.

1. Harvest Centaurium erythraea flowers and leaves in a clean, dry environment.
2. Gently wash the flowers and leaves with cold water to remove any dirt or debris.
3. Combine the flowers and leaves in a large pot and cover them with boiling water.
4. Allow the mixture to steep for a few minutes, then strain it into a teapot or cup.
5. Discard the solids and enjoy the herbal tea hot or iced, sweetened with honey if desired.

Capsule

Centaurium erythraea capsule is a widely used herbal preparation.

It's commonly prescribed to treat various health conditions, including gastritis, diabetes, hypertension, migraine, anemia, osteoporosis and kidney stones. The preparation is frequently used due to its effectiveness, it's a common choice among herbal remedies.

The primary effect of Centaurium erythraea capsule is its ability to improve digestion and reduce inflammation. It's made from the flowers and leaves of the Centaurium erythraea plant, which are harvested and then processed into a capsule.

The preparation is moderately difficult to make due to the specific requirements for harvesting and processing the plant material.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Centaurium erythraea capsule.

1. Dry the flowers and leaves of the Centaurium erythraea plant to preserve them for use in herbal capsules.
2. Grind the dried flowers and leaves into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle or a spice grinder.
3. Mix the powdered Centaurium erythraea with a binding agent such as gelatin or starch to facilitate capsule formation.
4. Fill empty gelatin capsules with the Centaurium erythraea mixture and seal them to prevent spillage.
5. Label and store the Centaurium erythraea herbal capsules in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Essential Oil

Centaurium erythraea essential oil is a preparation used to treat peptic ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux, diarrhea, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, urinary tract infection, skin infection, and herpes simplex.

It's a commonly used oil in herbal medicine, often found in pharmacies and health food stores. Its effects are typically anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial.

This oil is typically made from the flowers, roots, and stems of the Centaurium erythraea plant, which requires careful harvesting and distillation to produce a high-quality essential oil, a process that can be challenging due to the plant's delicate nature and the need for precise distillation conditions.

Below you find an image of Centaurium erythraea essential oil.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Centaurium erythraea essential oil.

1. Harvest Centaurium erythraea flowers, roots, and stems at their peak potency and dry them thoroughly to preserve their medicinal properties.
2. Combine the dried Centaurium erythraea flowers, roots, and stems in a clean glass container to create a uniform blend.
3. Steam distill the mixture using a distillation apparatus to extract the essential oil from the plant material.
4. Separate the Centaurium erythraea essential oil from the distilled water and filter it through a paper filter or a coffee filter to remove any impurities.
5. Store the extracted Centaurium erythraea essential oil in a dark glass bottle with a tight-fitting lid, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.

What are the possible side effects of Centaurium erythraea if used improperly?

The possible side effects of improperly using Centaurium erythraea are experiencing nausea and developing diarrhea, which can be symptoms of gastrointestinal distress.

Allergic reactions may occur, manifesting as skin irritation, hives, or swelling, particularly if the plant is ingested in large quantities. Furthermore, improper use may also lead to experiencing vomiting, especially if the plant is not properly prepared or if an individual has a pre-existing condition. Other potential side effects include experiencing dizziness due to changes in blood pressure or blood sugar levels, showing increased heart rate as a result of stimulant properties, and experiencing headache, possibly caused by the plant's bitter compounds.

Prolonged or excessive use can also lead to developing liver damage, experiencing stomach pain from inflammation or irritation, and potentially even experiencing kidney damage from prolonged exposure to toxic compounds.

The most common side effects Centaurium erythraea gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Experiencing Nausea: Administration of Centaurium erythraea may cause gastric irritation resulting in nausea.
• Developing Diarrhea: Centaurium erythraea consumption causes gastrointestinal irritation leading to diarrhea due to its anthraquinone glycosides content.
• Showing Allergic Reactions: Skin irritation, hives, or anaphylaxis occur due to Centaurium erythraea contact or ingestion.
• Experiencing Vomiting: Vomiting occurs due to emetic properties of Centaurium erythraea.
• Experiencing Dizziness: Centaurium erythraea causes decreased blood pressure leading to dizziness due to vasodilatory effects of its alkaloids.
• Showing Increased Heart Rate: Administration of Centaurium erythraea increases sympathetic nervous system activity, leading to a rise in heart rate.
• Experiencing Headache: Headache is reported in patients using Centaurium erythraea.
• Developing Liver Damage: Centaurium erythraea contains gentianine, which has hepatotoxic properties that can cause liver cell damage and necrosis.
• Experiencing Stomach Pain: Gastrointestinal irritation can occur due to saponins in Centaurium erythraea, causing stomach pain.
• Experiencing Kidney Damage: Centaurium erythraea contains gentianine, a compound that has been shown to cause renal tubular necrosis, leading to kidney damage

What are the precautions to take before using Centaurium erythraea medicinally?

The precautions to take before using Centaurium erythraea medicinally are to use it under medical supervision due to its potential side effects and interactions.

Avoid using Centaurium erythraea during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as there is limited information on its safety for the fetus or infant. When initiating treatment, start with low doses to assess tolerance and gradually increase as needed, while also monitoring blood sugar levels, as it may affect glucose metabolism. Be cautious when taking Centaurium erythraea with diabetes medications, as it may enhance their hypoglycemic effects, and individuals with bleeding disorders should avoid it due to its potential to exacerbate bleeding risks.

It's also essential to store Centaurium erythraea in a safe location and consult a healthcare professional for guidance on its proper use, including potential interactions with certain medications and its unsuitability for children.

The most important precautions you must take before using Centaurium erythraea for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Use Under Medical Supervision: Requires medical monitoring due to potential interactions with other medications or health conditions.
• Avoid During Pregnancy And Breastfeeding: Centaurium erythraea may affect the fetus or infant due to lack of data on its safety.
• Start With Low Doses: Initiate Centaurium erythraea treatment with small amounts to prevent excessive sedation and adverse effects.
• Monitor Blood Sugar Levels: People taking Centaurium erythraea should monitor blood sugar levels due to its effect on blood sugar control.
• Be Cautious With Diabetes Medications: Centaurium erythraea may lower blood sugar levels, affecting diabetes medication dosages.
• Avoid With Bleeding Disorders: Centaurium erythraea may exacerbate bleeding due to its effect on platelet aggregation.
• Interact With Certain Medications: Centaurium erythraea interacts with digoxin, increasing its serum concentration and toxicity.
• Not Suitable For Children: Contains cardioactive glycosides toxic to children.
• Store In A Safe Location: Store Centaurium erythraea in a dry, dark, and cool place to protect it from light and moisture.
• Consult A Healthcare Professional: Due to Centaurium erythraea's potential interactions with medications and its effects on pregnant or breastfeeding women, consult a healthcare professional before using it.

Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Centaurium erythraea?

Yes, there are several scientific studies that prove the medicianl effectiveness of Centaurium erythraea. Here are some studies that are worthy of notice.

According to a study published by "Planta medica", the aqueous extract of Centaurium erythraea exhibited antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity, indicating potential benefits in treating inflammatory conditions. This suggests that the extract may help reduce inflammation and fever in affected individuals. Furthermore, the study's findings imply that Centaurium erythraea may be a useful natural remedy for managing various inflammatory conditions.

In another study published by Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Centaurium erythraea exhibits interesting antioxidant properties, including the ability to scavenge superoxide radicals and noncompetitively inhibit xanthine oxidase. This suggests that it has a potential role in protecting against oxidative stress and associated diseases. The presence of various esters of hydroxycinnamic acids, such as p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids, contributes to its antioxidant properties.

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