What to know about Catha edulis (khat) before using it medicinally

Catha edulis, commonly known as khat, is a herb renowned for its stimulant properties that enhance cognitive function, boost energy levels, and alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression.

This herb is relatively easy to cultivate, requiring warm and humid climates to grow, and is often harvested when the leaves are young and tender. Botanically, Catha edulis belongs to the Celastraceae family and is characterized by its bright green leaves and small white flowers.

Historically, the herb has been used for centuries in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, with references to its use dating back to ancient civilizations such as the Sabaens and the Himyarites.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Catha edulis.

What are the medicinal properties of Catha edulis?

Catha edulis helps with the management of depression, anxiety, and stress. It has been traditionally used to improve mood and reduce fatigue. In some cultures, it is used to enhance cognitive function and improve sleep quality.

The medicinal properties of Catha edulis are attributed to its active constituents, including cathinone, cathine, and amphetamine-like alkaloids. These compounds have been shown to stimulate the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, leading to increased alertness and energy.

The most commonly used parts of Catha edulis for medicinal purposes are the young leaves and shoots, which are harvested when the plant is still green. The leaves and shoots are typically chewed or brewed as a tea to release their active constituents.

When used improperly, Catha edulis can cause a range of side effects, including increased heart rate, high blood pressure, and anxiety. Long-term use can lead to addiction and dependence. Overdose can result in symptoms such as insomnia, tremors, and aggression.

To use Catha edulis medicinally, it is essential to follow certain precautions. Dosing should be limited to small amounts, and users should be aware of their individual tolerance. It is also crucial to be aware of potential interactions with other medications and to consult with a healthcare professional before using the plant for medicinal purposes.

What are the horticulural aspects of Catha edulis?

Catha edulis grow best in well-drained soil and a hot, dry climate with average temperatures between 18-24°C. It requires full sun to partial shade and can tolerate some drought, but consistent moisture promotes healthy growth. Soil pH range is 5.5-7.0.

Planting tips for Catha edulis involve selecting a location with suitable climate and soil conditions. Seedlings should be spaced 2-3 meters apart and watered regularly during the first year. Mulching around the plants helps retain moisture and suppress weeds. Fertilization is not necessary unless soil testing indicates nutrient deficiencies.

Harvesting tips for Catha edulis include selecting mature leaves and shoots for consumption. The ideal time to harvest is when the leaves are tender and the plant is in active growth. Harvesting too frequently can weaken the plant, so allowing some leaves to remain on the plant helps maintain its vigor. Regular pruning is essential for maintaining the plant's shape.

Catha edulis is susceptible to pests like mealybugs, aphids, and whiteflies. Fungal diseases such as root rot and leaf spot are also common. Regular inspection of the plants and prompt treatment with insecticidal soap or fungicides can help control infestations and infections. Maintaining good hygiene practices, such as removing weeds and disposing of infected material, also helps prevent the spread of diseases.

What are the botanical aspects of Catha edulis?

Catha edulis is a flowering plant in the Celastraceae family. It is an evergreen shrub or small tree that grows up to 10 meters in height. Leaves are ovate to elliptic, 2-7 cm long, and 1-4 cm wide, with a glossy upper surface and a hairy lower surface.

Catha edulis belongs to the family Celastraceae and the order Celastrales. It is further classified into the genus Catha, with two species, C. edulis and C. pungens. C. edulis is the most widely cultivated and used species, while C. pungens is less common and mainly found in East Africa.

Several variants of Catha edulis exist, including 'Hedhel' (a Yemeni cultivar), 'Jabal' (a Saudi Arabian cultivar), and 'Al-Qat' (a Somali cultivar). These variants are selected for their leaf size, shape, and flavor, with 'Hedhel' being the most prized for its distinctive flavor.

Catha edulis is native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, but has been introduced and cultivated in various parts of the world, including the Middle East, East Africa, and Southeast Asia. It is typically found in areas with high altitudes, between 500 and 3000 meters above sea level.

The life cycle of Catha edulis is a perpetual growth process, with the plant continuously producing new leaves. It produces small, greenish-yellow flowers in clusters, followed by red or yellow fruit that contains a single seed. The plant can live for up to 100 years, with new stems and branches constantly emerging from the base of the plant.

What are the historical aspects of Catha edulis?

Catha edulis is an evergreen shrub native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. For centuries, its leaves have been used for medicinal, social, and ceremonial purposes. It is chewed for its stimulating effects, particularly in Yemen and Ethiopia. Traditional healers use it to treat various ailments, including fever and fatigue. Khat is also used in rituals and as an offering to spirits.

In ancient mythology, khat is associated with the goddess of love and fertility, Ayyanna. In Ethiopian and Eritrean folklore, the plant is said to have been created by the god, Astar, to nourish and rejuvenate humans. In some stories, khat is also linked to the mythical " Tree of Life", said to grant eternal youth and wisdom to those who consume its leaves.

In many cultures, khat is imbued with symbolic meanings. In Islamic tradition, it is seen as a blessing from Allah, symbolizing divine guidance and protection. In some societies, khat represents hospitality, generosity, and community bonding. Its leaves are often used as a gift to honor guests, colleagues, or spiritual leaders.

Historical texts provide insight into the significance of khat in ancient civilizations. The 10th-century Yemeni poet, Al-Mutanabbi, wrote about the plant's stimulating effects and its role in social gatherings. Similarly, the 19th-century Ethiopian traveler, Antoine d'Abbadie, documented the use of khat as a treatment for malaria. In some manuscripts, khat is mentioned alongside other sacred plants, such as myrrh and frankincense.

Archaeological findings reveal the presence of khat in ancient cultures. Excavations at the 2nd-century BCE Yemeni settlement of Ma'rib uncovered khat seeds and leaves. In Ethiopia, fossilized khat leaves have been discovered in the 4th-century BCE rock-cut temple of Dura-Europos. These findings demonstrate the long history of khat use and its significance in the region's cultural and spiritual practices.