What to know about Capparis spinosa (capers) before using it medicinally

Capparis spinosa, commonly known as capers, is a versatile herb that has been prized for its medicinal and culinary properties for centuries.

As a hardy shrub, it is relatively easy to cultivate and can thrive in a range of environments, making it a popular choice for gardeners and chefs alike. Botanically, Capparis spinosa is characterized by its unique combination of flavonoids and alkaloids, which are responsible for its purported health benefits and distinctive flavor.

With ancient references to its use dating back to the Egyptians and Greeks, capers have long been celebrated for their ability to add flavor and depth to a variety of dishes, as well as for their potential health-promoting properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Capparis spinosa.

What are the medicinal properties of Capparis spinosa?

Capparis spinosa helps with various health issues due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It is traditionally used to treat digestive problems, such as diarrhea and constipation, and is also used to reduce fever and alleviate symptoms of colds and flu.

The active constituents of Capparis spinosa include flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, contributing to the plant's therapeutic effects. Flavonoids, in particular, have been shown to scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory responses.

The most commonly used parts of the plant for medicinal purposes are the buds, leaves, and stems. The buds, in particular, are rich in caper oil and are used to treat digestive problems and reduce inflammation. The leaves and stems are used to treat fever, cough, and respiratory infections. These parts can be consumed as tea, capsule, or topical application.

Improper use of Capparis spinosa can lead to side effects such as allergic reactions, digestive issues, and interactions with other medications. Prolonged consumption can cause gastrointestinal irritation and exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as gastritis and ulcers. Contraindications include pregnancy, breastfeeding, and certain medical conditions, such as kidney or liver disease.

Precautions when using Capparis spinosa medicinally include starting with low doses and gradually increasing as needed, avoiding consumption during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and consulting with a healthcare professional for interactions with other medications. It is also essential to use products from reputable sources to ensure purity and efficacy. Regular monitoring of health is advised to adjust usage and avoid adverse effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Capparis spinosa?

Capparis spinosa grow best in full sun to partial shade and require well-drained soil with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. They thrive in Mediterranean climates with high temperatures and low humidity. Watering should be done sparingly, allowing the soil to dry between waterings.

When planting caper bushes, choose a location with good air circulation to prevent disease. Plant cuttings or seedlings 1-2 feet apart, with the top of the stem level with the soil surface. Mulch around the plants to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Fertilize lightly during the growing season.

Caper flowers are harvested before they open, typically in late spring. Harvest the buds by cutting the stem just above the flower, leaving about 1 inch of stem attached. Harvest in the morning, when the buds are still tightly closed, and immediately pack them in an acidic solution to preserve their flavor and texture.

Caper bushes are susceptible to root-knot nematodes, whiteflies, and spider mites. Regularly inspect the plants for signs of infestation or disease, such as yellowing leaves or sticky honeydew. Treat infestations promptly with insecticidal soap or horticultural oil, and maintain good sanitation practices to prevent the spread of disease.

What are the botanical aspects of Capparis spinosa?

Capparis spinosa is a perennial shrub with a woody base and a sprawling habit. It has alternate, lanceolate leaves that are 3-5 cm long and 1-2 cm wide. The leaves are dark green on top and lighter on the bottom. The plant produces white to pinkish flowers in clusters.

Capparis spinosa belongs to the Capparaceae family and is classified as Capparis spinosa L. It is native to the Mediterranean region and is widely cultivated in other parts of the world. The plant is often confused with Capparis cynophallophora.

There are several variants of Capparis spinosa, including the 'Pernetiana' and 'Ramosa' cultivars. These variants are known for their compact growth habit and increased productivity. They are often used for caper production in countries where the plant is cultivated.

Capparis spinosa is native to the Mediterranean region and is widely distributed in countries such as Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey. It has also been naturalized in other parts of the world, including Australia and the United States. The plant thrives in dry, rocky soils and can tolerate extreme temperatures.

The life cycle of Capparis spinosa begins with germination, which occurs after 1-2 weeks of sowing. The plant grows rapidly during the first year, producing flowers and fruits within 3-4 months. The plant is harvested for its flowers, which are pickled in salt and vinegar to produce capers. The plant dies back during the winter months, but regrows in the spring.

What are the historical aspects of Capparis spinosa?

Capparis spinosa is a plant with a rich history of culinary and medicinal use. Its pickled buds were a staple in ancient Greek cuisine, while the Arabs used it as a condiment in their Middle Eastern dishes. The plant's versatility led to its cultivation in various parts of the world.

In ancient Greek mythology, capers were associated with Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. According to legend, the buds were believed to have aphrodisiac properties, which is why they were often served as an appetizer in banquets. This mythological reference has endured, with capers remaining a symbol of love and indulgence.

In various cultures, capers have been imbued with symbolic meanings. In the Mediterranean, the plant is seen as a symbol of abundance and prosperity, while in some African cultures, it represents fertility and good fortune. These symbolic meanings have been passed down through generations, reflecting the plant's significance in traditional practices.

Historical texts, such as Theophrastus' "Enquiry into Plants," provide valuable information about the cultivation and use of capers. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder also wrote about the plant in his "Naturalis Historia," noting its medicinal properties and uses. These texts demonstrate the importance of capers in ancient culinary and medical traditions.

Archaeological discoveries have confirmed the historical significance of capers. Excavations in ancient Greek and Roman sites have uncovered ceramic jars and containers containing the pickled buds, while ancient tombs have yielded caper seeds and other plant remains. These findings have shed light on the widespread cultivation and consumption of capers in ancient times.