hemp
Cannabis sativa · Accepted scientific name
Scientific literature: Very Extensive (2562 studies) · ★★★★★
Hemp, scientifically known as Cannabis sativa, is a versatile multipurpose plant revered for its diverse therapeutic properties. Renowned for its rich profile of cannabinoids, including CBD and THC, it is widely utilized in modern medicine to manage pain, anxiety, and epilepsy, offering significant potential for holistic healthcare and wellness.
Names
Common Names
- grass
- hemp
- marijuana
- maryjane
- pot
- Hashish
- devil's lettuce
- kush
- reefer
Regional and Traditional Names
Spanish:
- Cannabis medicinal
- canamón
- mariguana
- quif
- maryjuana
- canamon
- cañamon
- gañja
- cánnabis
- mota
- Cáñamo asiático
- Marihuana
- mota
- Mandanga
German:
- Hanf
- Echter Hanf
- Hanf (Art)
- Hanf
- Echter Hanf
- Gewöhnlicher Hanf
French:
- chanvre cultivé
- chanvre
- cannabis
- chènevis
- zamal
- amale
- gandia
- cannabis
- chanvre
- chanvre cultivé
- chènevis chanvre
Scientific Names
Accepted name
Cannabis sativaSynonyms
- Cannabis kafiristanica
- Cannabis sativa var. ruderalis
- Cannabis sativa f. vulgaris
- Cannabis sativa subvar. indica
- Cannabis sativa var. afghanica
- Cannabis indica var. afghanica
- Cannabis americana
- Cannabis indica f. afghanica
- Polygonum viridiflorum
- Cannabis chinensis
- Cannabis erratica
- Cannabis generalis
- Cannabis gigantea
- Cannabis indica
- Cannabis indica var. kafiristanica
- Cannabis intersita
- Cannabis lupulus
- Cannabis macrosperma
- Cannabis ruderalis
- Cannabis sativa f. afghanica
- Cannabis sativa var. chinensis
- Cannabis sativa var. gigantea
- Cannabis sativa var. indica
- Cannabis sativa subsp. indica
- Cannabis sativa subsp. intersita
- Cannabis sativa var. kafiristanica
- Cannabis sativa var. kif
- Cannabis sativa var. macrosperma
- Cannabis sativa var. monoica
- Cannabis sativa var. pedemontana
- Cannabis sativa var. praecox
- Cannabis sativa var. ruderalis
- Cannabis sativa var. spontanea
- Cannabis sativa var. vulgaris
- Cannabis sativa subsp. culta
Taxonomical Classification
This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. Within the subclass Magnoliidae, it is positioned in the order Rosales and the family Cannabaceae. Finally, it is identified by the genus Cannabis, specifically the species Cannabis sativa.
| Rank | Classification | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae | WCVP |
| Phylum | Streptophyta | WCVP |
| Class | Equisetopsida | WCVP |
| Subclass | Magnoliidae | WCVP |
| Order | Rosales | WCVP |
| Family | Cannabaceae | WCVP |
| Genus | Cannabis | WCVP |
Distribution
This plant exhibits a specific presence across several regions within Northern Europe. In the southern reaches of this territory, it can be found growing in Denmark. Moving further north, the species is also distributed throughout Finland. The plant extends its range to the islands of Great Britain and Ireland as well. Finally, its geographical footprint includes the northernmost stretches of Norway.
| Region | Area | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Northern Europe | Denmark | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Finland | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Great Britain | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Ireland | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Norway | WCVP |
| Northern Europe | Sweden | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Austria | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Belgium | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Czechia-Slovakia | WCVP |
| Middle Europe | Germany | WCVP |
Plant Parts
This plant, Cannabis sativa, possesses several distinct morphological features that contribute to its medicinal properties. The most recognizable parts are the serrated green leaves, which are often used in various preparations. The plant produces dense inflorescences, or flowering clusters, which serve as the primary source of many bioactive compounds. These compounds are concentrated within microscopic, resin-producing glandular trichomes that coat the surface of the flowers and foliage. Additionally, the robust stem provides structural support for the plant's rapid growth, while the nutrient-rich seeds offer a different profile of uses, often valued for their nutritional and oil content.| Plant Part | Sources | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| leaves | Data in brief (and other 11 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| seeds | Open life sciences (and other 6 sources) | ★★★☆☆ |
| glandular trichomes | BMC plant biology (and other 5 sources) | ★★★☆☆ |
| inflorescences | Pharmaceutics (and other 5 sources) | ★★★☆☆ |
| flowers | Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| inflorescence | Journal of cannabis research (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| resin | PloS one (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| roots | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| stem | International journal of nanomedicine (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Leaves | Cannabis and cannabinoid research (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Chemicals
Cannabis sativa has 330 reported phytochemicals identified across 98 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include cannabidiol, Cannabinoids, CBD, THC, TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL.
Most Reported Compounds
| Compound | Sources | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| cannabidiol | Dr. Duke (and other 97 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| Cannabinoids | Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) (and other 60 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| CBD | Biochemical genetics (and other 47 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| THC | Biochemical genetics (and other 45 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL | Dr. Duke (and other 37 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| Terpenes | Plants (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 30 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol | Dr. Duke (and other 25 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| Flavonoids | Plants (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 23 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| Cannabigerol | Dr. Duke (and other 16 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| cannabinol | Dr. Duke (and other 15 sources) | ★★★★★ |
Activities
Cannabis sativa has 378 reported activities identified across 98 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Psychoactive, Antibacterial, Analgesic, Neuroprotective.
Most Reported Activities
| Activity | Sources | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant | Dr. Duke (and other 19 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| Psychoactive | Frontiers in plant science (and other 18 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| Antibacterial | Dr. Duke (and other 14 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| Analgesic | Dr. Duke (and other 13 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| Neuroprotective | Dr. Duke (and other 12 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| Anticancer | Dr. Duke (and other 8 sources) | ★★★★☆ |
| Anticonvulsant | Dr. Duke (and other 7 sources) | ★★★★☆ |
| Antifungal | Fitoterapia (and other 7 sources) | ★★★★☆ |
| Antimicrobial | Journal of applied microbiology (and other 7 sources) | ★★★★☆ |
| Antiviral | Dr. Duke (and other 7 sources) | ★★★★☆ |
Medicinal Uses
Cannabis sativa has 273 reported medicinal uses identified across 98 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include pain, cancer, chronic pain, anxiety, inflammation.
Most Reported Uses
| Use | Sources | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| pain | Current treatment options in oncology (and other 37 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| cancer | Pharmacological research (and other 23 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| chronic pain | Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie (and other 22 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| anxiety | Current treatment options in oncology (and other 20 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| inflammation | Current pharmaceutical design (and other 20 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| multiple sclerosis | International journal of molecular sciences (and other 17 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| nausea | Current treatment options in oncology (and other 17 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| epilepsy | International journal of molecular sciences (and other 15 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| depression | Chemosphere (and other 14 sources) | ★★★★★ |
| Parkinson's disease | Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR (and other 8 sources) | ★★★★☆ |
Preparations
| Preparations | Sources | Confidence |
|---|---|---|
| cannabis extracts | Frontiers in pharmacology (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Extracts | Biotech (Basel (Switzerland)) (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| extract | Nutrients (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| extracts | Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| flower | Frontiers in pharmacology (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| leaves | Natural product research (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| marijuana | Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| oil | Frontiers in pharmacology (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| seeds | International review of neurobiology (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| CBD Extract | Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |