What to know about Cannabis sativa (marijuana) before using it medicinally

Cannabis sativa, commonly known as marijuana, is a herb that has been widely recognized for its medicinal properties, which include reducing pain, inflammation, and anxiety, while also improving sleep quality and appetite.

As a plant, it has specific horticultural requirements, such as a warm and dry climate, and is typically cultivated outdoors or in greenhouses. Botanically speaking, Cannabis sativa is a member of the Cannabaceae family, characterized by its tall, thin leaves with serrated edges and its ability to produce both male and female flowers.

Historically, the herb has been used for medicinal, recreational, and spiritual purposes, with ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Chinese, and Indians documenting its use in various forms, including tea, ointments, and rituals.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Cannabis sativa.

What are the medicinal properties of Cannabis sativa?

Cannabis sativa helps with relieving chronic pain, reducing nausea and vomiting, and improving sleep quality, particularly for patients undergoing chemotherapy or with multiple sclerosis. It may also help with anxiety and stress relief. Its anxiolytic properties are due to its ability to modulate neurotransmitters. Its anti-inflammatory properties reduce pain and inflammation.

Cannabis sativa contains over 100 active cannabinoids, including THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), CBD (cannabidiol), and CBG (cannabigerol), which give it its medicinal properties. THC binds to CB1 receptors, while CBD interacts with CB2 receptors, modulating pain, inflammation, and mood. CBG is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory compound.

The most used parts of Cannabis sativa for medicinal purposes are the flowers, leaves, and seeds. The flowers contain the highest concentration of THC and CBD, making them ideal for treating pain, inflammation, and anxiety. The leaves and seeds are used to make teas, oils, and tinctures. The resinous trichomes are extracted for topical use.

Improper use of Cannabis sativa can lead to side effects such as dizziness, disorientation, and short-term memory loss. It may also interact with other medications, including blood thinners, and increase the risk of seizures in people with epilepsy. High doses of THC can cause anxiety and paranoia.

To use Cannabis sativa medicinally, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional. Start with low doses and gradually increase as needed. Choose products with high CBD and low THC content to minimize the risk of psychoactive effects. Keep medications and cannabis products separate to avoid contamination. Monitor blood pressure, heart rate, and liver function regularly.

What are the horticulural aspects of Cannabis sativa?

Cannabis sativa grow in temperate climates with warm temperatures between 18-32°C (64-90°F). It requires a photoperiod of 12-14 hours of light and 10-12 hours of darkness. High humidity and adequate water supply are essential.

For optimal growth, Cannabis sativa should be planted in well-draining soil with a pH between 6.0-7.0. The seeds should be 1-2 cm deep and 2-3 cm apart. Direct sowing in late spring or early summer is recommended, when the soil has warmed up to at least 15°C (59°F).

When harvesting Cannabis sativa, it's essential to inspect the plant regularly for mature buds. The buds are ready when they turn golden brown and the leaves change color. Harvesting should be done in the morning to preserve the plant's potency. Cutting the plant close to the stem is recommended.

Cannabis sativa is susceptible to pests like spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and leaf spot can also occur. Regular pruning and hygiene practices can help prevent infestations, while fungicides can be applied to control diseases.

What are the botanical aspects of Cannabis sativa?

Cannabis sativa is an annual or biennial herb with a distinctive growth habit. It can grow up to 18 feet tall, with narrow, pointed leaves that are typically 2-5 inches long and have a serrated edge. The stem is fibrous and can be used for rope or textiles.

Taxonomically, Cannabis sativa is classified as a member of the Cannabaceae family, with the genus Cannabis and the species C. sativa. It is further divided into several subspecies, including C. s. sativa, C. s. indica, and C. s. ruderalis. The species is thought to have originated in Central Asia.

Cannabis sativa has several variants, including indica, sativa, and ruderalis. Indica strains are known for their high THC content and are often used for medicinal purposes. Sativa strains are known for their high CBD content and are often used for recreational purposes. Ruderalis strains are known for their hardy, low-THC content and are often used for breeding purposes.

Cannabis sativa is native to Central Asia but has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Africa. It can be found growing wild in regions with a temperate climate, where it has adapted to local conditions and developed unique characteristics.

The life cycle of Cannabis sativa consists of several stages: germination, seedling, vegetative growth, flowering, and senescence. The plant begins as a seed, which germinates within 7-10 days. The seedling emerges and grows for several weeks, after which it begins to produce flowers and seeds. The flowering stage lasts for several months, after which the plant begins to senesce and die back.

What are the historical aspects of Cannabis sativa?

Cannabis sativa is an ancient plant with a long history of use. It has been cultivated for over 12,000 years, primarily for its seeds, which are a rich source of nutrition and oil. Its leaves and stems have also been used for fiber and medicine.

In ancient mythologies, Cannabis sativa was associated with deities and fertility. The ancient Greeks linked it to the god Dionysus, while the Chinese revered it as a gift from the god Shennong. Similarly, the Hindu god Shiva was often depicted with a marijuana leaf in his hand.

Cannabis sativa has been imbued with various symbolic meanings across cultures. In ancient India, it represented spiritual growth and enlightenment, while in the Middle East, it was a symbol of hospitality and welcome. In China, it was seen as a symbol of longevity and prosperity.

Historical texts provide valuable insights into the use and cultivation of Cannabis sativa. The Chinese Materia Medica (2737 BCE) lists it as a medicinal plant, while the Indian Ayurvedic text, the Charaka Samhita (400 CE), describes its use as a treatment for various ailments. Similarly, the Greek physician Galen (129-216 CE) wrote about its medicinal properties.

The discovery of ancient artifacts has provided tangible evidence of Cannabis sativa's historical significance. Archaeological excavations in China have uncovered evidence of cannabis use dating back to the Stone Age, while in India, the discovery of ancient texts and pottery have revealed its use in Ayurvedic medicine. Similarly, in the Middle East, ancient artifacts have been found to depict cannabis use in religious ceremonies.