What to know about Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) before using it medicinally

Cananga odorata, commonly known as ylang-ylang, is a tropical plant that has been used for centuries for its remarkable health properties, including its ability to reduce stress and anxiety, lower blood pressure, and even alleviate symptoms of menopause.

As a popular ornamental plant, Cananga odorata is prized for its fragrant flowers and slender, climbing habit, making it a favorite among gardeners and floral enthusiasts. Botanically, the herb belongs to the Magnoliaceae family and is characterized by its long, slender stem and delicate, fragrant blooms.

With its rich history dating back to ancient Polynesian and Indonesian cultures, Cananga odorata has been revered for centuries as a symbol of love, passion, and sensuality.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Cananga odorata.

What are the medicinal properties of Cananga odorata?

Cananga odorata helps with stress, anxiety, and sleep disorders due to its calming effects. It is also used to treat wounds, cuts, and skin irritations due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Ylang-ylang oil has been used to reduce high blood pressure and heart rate.

The active constituents of Cananga odorata include sesquiterpenes, such as linalool and geranyl acetate, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. Linalool is a known anxiolytic and antispasmodic, while geranyl acetate has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

The parts of the Cananga odorata plant that are most used for medicinal purposes are the flowers, which are used to make essential oil through steam distillation. The oil is then used topically or in aromatherapy to promote relaxation and reduce stress.

When used improperly, Cananga odorata can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, and interactions with medications. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also use caution when using ylang-ylang oil due to its potential effects on the uterus and breast tissue.

To use Cananga odorata medicinally, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional and follow proper guidelines. The oil should be diluted with a carrier oil and applied topically, and users should avoid ingesting the oil or using it on sensitive areas.

What are the horticulural aspects of Cananga odorata?

Cananga odorata grow in tropical regions with high temperatures and humidity levels, typically above 25°C and 60% relative humidity. It thrives in well-drained acidic soils with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5. Adequate sunlight and air circulation are also essential for optimal growth.

Planting tips for Cananga odorata involve selecting a location with partial shade, especially for younger plants. Plant the seedling 1-2 meters away from the main trunk of other trees. Dig a shallow hole, 1-2 times the size of the pot, and add a mixture of organic fertilizer and compost to improve soil structure. Water well after planting.

Harvesting tips for Cananga odorata involve identifying the optimal time for flowering, which is usually in late spring or early summer. Flowers should be picked in the morning, when they are fully open, and before the heat of the day causes them to wilt. Harvest only the white or cream-colored flowers, as they contain the highest concentration of oil.

Pests and diseases commonly affecting Cananga odorata include the ylang-ylang moth (Bisalbonema ylang-ylang), which lays eggs on the leaves and flowers, and the leaf spot fungus (Corynespora cassiicola), which causes black spots on the leaves. Regular monitoring and treatment with insecticidal soap or fungicides are essential to control infestations and infections.

What are the botanical aspects of Cananga odorata?

Cananga odorata is a flowering plant native to the Philippines and other parts of Southeast Asia. It belongs to the magnoliid clade, a group of flowering plants characterized by their trimerous flowers and distinctive floral morphology.

Taxonomically, Cananga odorata is classified as a member of the family Annonaceae, which comprises over 2,000 species of tropical plants. More specifically, it is placed in the genus Cananga, which contains only two species: C. odorata and C. fruticosa. The species is further divided into several varieties based on its growth habit and leaf morphology.

Several variants of Cananga odorata exist, including 'Cananga odorata var. genuina', which is the standard variety, and 'Cananga odorata var. latifolia', which has wider leaves. Other variants, such as 'Cananga odorata var. rubra', are known for their reddish stems and leaves.

Cananga odorata is widely distributed throughout the tropical regions of Asia, particularly in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Pacific Islands. It thrives in areas with high temperatures, high humidity, and well-drained soils. The plant has also been introduced to other parts of the world, including Hawaii, India, and Africa.

The life cycle of Cananga odorata begins with the germination of seeds, which typically take 3-6 months to sprout. The seedling grows into a sapling, which is pruned regularly to promote a bushy growth habit. After 2-3 years, the plant flowers, producing showy white or yellow flowers that are highly fragrant. The flowers are followed by fruit, which takes about 6-8 months to mature.

What are the historical aspects of Cananga odorata?

Cananga odorata is a flowering plant native to the Philippines and Indonesia. Historically, it has been used for its fragrant flowers, which are used in perfumery and traditional medicine. In many Asian cultures, ylang-ylang flowers are used to calm the mind and body.

In Balinese mythology, ylang-ylang is associated with the goddess of love, Durga. According to myth, the flower's fragrance has the power to evoke love and passion. In Hindu mythology, ylang-ylang is also associated with the god of love, Kama. The flower is said to be a gift from the gods to humans.

The symbolic meanings of ylang-ylang vary across cultures. In Asian cultures, the flower is often associated with love, romance, and sensuality. In Western cultures, ylang-ylang is often associated with innocence, purity, and spiritual growth. The flower is also used in meditation and yoga practices for its calming properties.

The historical texts of ylang-ylang date back to the 17th century, when European colonizers first encountered the plant in the Philippines. The French botanist Michel Adanson first described the plant in 1757. The German botanist Carl Linnaeus later included the plant in his comprehensive catalog of plants, "Species Plantarum".

Historical artifacts of ylang-ylang include perfumed oils, incense, and traditional medicine bottles. In the Philippines, traditional medicine bottles made from ylang-ylang flowers are still used today. The French perfumer Guerlain has used ylang-ylang in their perfumes since the late 19th century.