What to know about Boswellia serrata (frankincense) before using it medicinally

Boswellia serrata, commonly known as frankincense, is an ancient herb revered for its potent health benefits, which include reducing inflammation, alleviating pain, and combating anxiety and depression.

Native to the dry plains of India and Africa, this tree is cultivated in warm, dry climates with limited rainfall, where it can thrive and produce its distinctive, fragrant resin. Botanically, Boswellia serrata is a member of the Burseraceae family and is known for its unique chemistry, which includes terpenoids, boswellic acids, and volatile oils.

Historically, the resin of Boswellia serrata has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, as a symbol of prosperity in ancient trade, and as an incense in religious ceremonies.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Boswellia serrata.

What are the medicinal properties of Boswellia serrata?

Boswellia serrata helps with reducing inflammation, improving arthritis symptoms, and relieving anxiety and depression. It is also used to treat digestive issues, ulcers, and wounds. Frankincense has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making it a versatile medicinal herb.

The active constituents of Boswellia serrata responsible for its medicinal properties are boswellic acids, particularly beta-boswellic acid and alpha-boswellic acid. These compounds inhibit the enzyme COX-2, reducing inflammation and pain. Other constituents, such as limonoids and terpenoids, also contribute to its therapeutic effects.

The most commonly used parts of the Boswellia serrata plant for medicinal purposes are the resin, gum, and extracts of the resin. The resin, which is obtained from the bark of the tree, contains the highest concentration of boswellic acids. Extracts of the resin are used to make capsules, tablets, and topical creams.

Using Boswellia serrata improperly can cause side effects such as diarrhea, stomach upset, and dizziness. Long-term use can lead to kidney damage, liver damage, and increased risk of bleeding. People with bleeding disorders or taking anticoagulant medications should avoid using Boswellia serrata.

When using Boswellia serrata medicinally, precautions include taking it under the guidance of a healthcare professional, especially for children and pregnant women. It is essential to start with low doses and gradually increase as needed. Interactions with other medications, such as blood thinners, and underlying medical conditions, such as kidney or liver disease, should be monitored and considered.

What are the horticulural aspects of Boswellia serrata?

Boswellia serrata grow in arid and semi-arid regions with well-drained soil and full sun. It thrives in areas with low humidity and can tolerate temperatures up to 35°C (95°F). Annual rainfall of 300-400 mm (12-16 in) is ideal for its growth.

When planting Boswellia serrata, choose a location with good air circulation and full sun. Plant the seed or sapling in well-drained soil with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. Water sparingly, allowing the soil to dry out between waterings. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Boswellia serrata resin can be harvested 2-3 years after planting, when the tree is around 1-2 meters (3-6 ft) tall. Harvesting is done by making incisions in the trunk, allowing the resin to flow out and harden. Collection is usually done during the dry season to prevent spoilage.

Common pests and diseases affecting Boswellia serrata include root rot caused by Phytophthora spp. and leaf spot disease by Cercospora spp. Aphids, mealybugs, and whiteflies are common pests that infest the plant, reducing its growth and resin production. Regular monitoring and integrated pest management are necessary to control these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Boswellia serrata?

Boswellia serrata is a small, deciduous tree or shrub with a woody trunk, thick, leathery, and glossy leaves that are 2-5 cm long and 1-2 cm wide, and produce small, white, and fragrant flowers.

The taxonomical classification of Boswellia serrata is as follows: kingdom: Plantae, clade: Angiosperms, clade: Eudicots, clade: Rosids, order: Sapindales, family: Burseraceae, genus: Boswellia, species: B. serrata.

Boswellia serrata has several variants, including Boswellia serrata var. serrata, Boswellia serrata var. glabra, and Boswellia serrata var. wightiana, which differ in their leaf shape and size.

Boswellia serrata is native to the dry and arid regions of the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, and Africa, and is commonly found in the wild in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Oman.

The life cycle of Boswellia serrata involves germination of seeds, seedling growth, and establishment of a small tree or shrub, followed by vegetative growth and production of leaves and flowers, and eventually, the tree or shrub reaches maturity and starts producing resin.

What are the historical aspects of Boswellia serrata?

Boswellia serrata is an ancient plant with a rich history of traditional uses. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is used to treat respiratory issues, such as asthma and bronchitis. It was also used to treat digestive problems, skin conditions, and wounds.

In ancient Mesopotamia, frankincense was used in ritual and ceremonial contexts. The Sumerians believed it had sacred properties, and it was often burned as an offering to the gods. The Assyrians also used it in temple rituals. Its use was widespread in the ancient Near East.

In many cultures, frankincense is associated with spiritual growth and enlightenment. In Islamic tradition, it is considered a symbol of prayer and devotion. In Christianity, it is mentioned in the Bible as a gift from the Magi. In many ancient cultures, frankincense was used in initiation rituals.

Historical texts, such as the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita, describe the medicinal properties of frankincense. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates also mentioned its use for treating various ailments. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote about its use in perfumes and incense.

Archaeological discoveries have revealed frankincense artifacts from ancient civilizations. Tombs of Egyptian pharaohs have yielded frankincense resin containers. The tomb of the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus, who was also a known collector of frankincense, was discovered in modern-day Turkey. These artifacts attest to the significance of frankincense in ancient cultures.