What to know about Boswellia sacra (frankincense) before using it medicinally

Boswellia sacra, commonly known as frankincense, is a herb that has been revered for its numerous health benefits, including its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, which have been shown to improve conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and even cancer.

Native to the Middle East and North Africa, this herb is typically cultivated in arid regions with low rainfall, where it thrives in poor soil. Botanically, Boswellia sacra is an evergreen tree with small white flowers and drooping branches, characterized by its resinous bark and small, oval-shaped leaves.

Historically, frankincense has been mentioned in ancient texts such as the Bible and the Quran, where it was valued for its spiritual and medicinal properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Boswellia sacra.

What are the medicinal properties of Boswellia sacra?

Boswellia sacra helps with pain management, inflammation reduction, and skin conditions such as acne and wounds. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and anti-arthritic properties. It is also used in the treatment of respiratory issues like bronchitis and asthma.

The active constituents of Boswellia sacra include boswellic acids, especially alpha-boswellic acid and beta-boswellic acid, which are responsible for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. These acids inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, providing relief from pain and inflammation.

The resin of Boswellia sacra is the most commonly used part for medicinal purposes. The resin is extracted from the tree's bark and is used to make oil, powder, and capsules. The resin contains the highest concentration of boswellic acids, which are the primary active constituents.

Overuse or misuse of Boswellia sacra can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It can also interact with certain medications like blood thinners and diabetes medications, causing adverse effects.

When using Boswellia sacra medicinally, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the proper dosage and to monitor for potential side effects. Additionally, individuals with bleeding disorders, pregnant women, and breastfeeding mothers should exercise caution when using this plant.

What are the horticulural aspects of Boswellia sacra?

Boswellia sacra grow in hot, dry environments with low humidity. It thrives in full sun and well-drained soil, tolerating temperatures between 64°F and 90°F (18°C and 32°C). The plant requires minimal watering, as excess moisture can lead to root rot.

Planting tips for Boswellia sacra involve selecting a location with good air circulation, as the plant is prone to fungal diseases. Plant the tree in well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Water sparingly, allowing the soil to dry out between waterings. Fertilize with a balanced fertilizer during the growing season.

Harvesting frankincense resin involves making incisions in the bark of the tree, allowing the resin to seep out. The resin is collected by scraping it off the tree, usually during the dry season when the resin is most plentiful. Harvesting should be done carefully to avoid damaging the tree. Harvested resin is then dried and processed for use in traditional medicine and perfumery.

Pests and diseases that commonly affect Boswellia sacra include root rot caused by overwatering, fungal diseases like powdery mildew and leaf spot, and insect pests like the whitefly and spider mites. Aphids, mealybugs, and scale also infest the plant, requiring regular monitoring and control measures to prevent damage.

What are the botanical aspects of Boswellia sacra?

Boswellia sacra is a small, deciduous tree or shrub that grows up to 6 meters tall, with a broad, rounded crown and a short, smooth stem. Its bark is grayish-brown and fissured. Leaves are dark green, alternate, and 2-5 cm long.

Boswellia sacra belongs to the family Burseraceae and is classified as Boswellia sacra (R. Br. ex Spreng.) in the genus Boswellia. It is a member of the Burseroideae subfamily and is closely related to Boswellia papyrifera. The family Burseraceae consists of about 160 species of trees and shrubs.

Boswellia sacra has several variants, including Boswellia sacra var. sacra, Boswellia sacra var. tigrina, and Boswellia sacra var. serrata. These variants are differentiated by their leaf morphology, growth habit, and distribution.

Boswellia sacra is native to the Middle East and North Africa, particularly in Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Somalia. It grows in dry, rocky areas with limited vegetation, often on hillsides and mountains.

The life cycle of Boswellia sacra begins with seed germination, which occurs after a 10-12 month dormancy period. The plant grows rapidly during the first 2 years, producing leaves and a short stem. After 3-4 years, it begins to produce resin, which accumulates on the trunk and branches.

What are the historical aspects of Boswellia sacra?

Boswellia sacra is a plant with a rich history of use in ancient civilizations. It was burned as incense to purify and cleanse homes, temples, and palaces. The ancient Sumerians and Babylonians used it in rituals to honor their gods. The Egyptians used frankincense in mummification and burial ceremonies.

In ancient mythologies, frankincense was associated with the gods. The Greeks linked it to the gods Apollo and Artemis, while the Romans associated it with the gods Jupiter and Juno. The Egyptians believed frankincense was a gift from the god Horus. In Hindu mythology, frankincense was said to be used by the god Krishna.

Symbolically, frankincense represented purity, prayer, and protection. In ancient times, it was believed to have healing properties and was used to treat various ailments. The resin of the Boswellia sacra plant was considered sacred and was used to consecrate sacred spaces. It was also used as a symbol of wealth and status.

Historical texts, such as the Ebers Papyrus, describe the use of frankincense in ancient Egyptian medicine. The Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about its use in treating various health conditions. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder also wrote about the medicinal properties of frankincense.

Archaeological discoveries have revealed the importance of frankincense in ancient trade and commerce. The discovery of frankincense containers and vessels in ancient tombs and temples has provided evidence of its use in rituals and ceremonies. The discovery of frankincense on ancient ships and trading vessels has also shown its importance in ancient trade networks.