What to know about Boswellia frereana (frankincense) before using it medicinally

Boswellia frereana, commonly known as frankincense, is a herb revered for its numerous health benefits, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-anxiety properties that improve overall well-being by reducing stress and pain.

Native to the Horn of Africa, this drought-tolerant herb requires minimal watering and maintenance, making it an ideal addition to low-maintenance gardens and landscapes. From a botanical standpoint, Boswellia frereana is a tree species in the Burseraceae family, characterized by its resinous sap and distinctive bark.

Historically, the resin of Boswellia frereana has been used in traditional medicine and rituals, with ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and Assyrians utilizing its resin for its purported spiritual and medicinal properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Boswellia frereana.

What are the medicinal properties of Boswellia frereana?

Boswellia frereana helps with inflammation, pain, and anxiety due to its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and sedative properties. It is used to treat arthritis, joint pain, and digestive issues. Its extracts are also used in skincare products for wound healing and skin regeneration.

The active constituents of Boswellia frereana include boswellic acids, frankincense oil, and sesquiterpenes, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. Boswellic acids inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators, reducing inflammation and pain, while frankincense oil has antimicrobial properties that prevent infection and promote healing.

The resin of Boswellia frereana is the most commonly used part of the plant for medicinal purposes, as it contains high concentrations of boswellic acids and frankincense oil. The resin is typically extracted through steam distillation or solvent extraction to produce the essential oil. The leaves and stems are also used, but to a lesser extent.

When used improperly, Boswellia frereana can cause allergic reactions, interactions with other medications, and stomach upset due to its high tannin and terpene content. Prolonged use can also lead to kidney and liver damage in rare cases.

Precautions when using Boswellia frereana medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional, using high-quality extracts, and following recommended dosages. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should use it with caution, and individuals with kidney or liver disease should avoid using it altogether.

What are the horticulural aspects of Boswellia frereana?

Boswellia frereana grow in arid and semi-arid regions with a warm climate, requiring full sun and well-drained soil with a pH range of 6.0-8.0. Watering should be moderate, with annual rainfall of 150-300 mm. Soil temperature ranges from 15-25°C.

Plant Boswellia frereana in well-drained soil with a slight slope to prevent waterlogging. Space trees 10-15 meters apart, and prune to encourage bushy growth. Regular watering is necessary during the first year, reducing to once a month during dry seasons. Fertilize with a balanced fertilizer annually.

Harvest Boswellia frereana resin during the dry season, typically from May to September. Cut branches from mature trees, allowing the incision to dry and form a scab. Collect the resin, which is usually ready for harvest after 3-4 months. Harvesting too frequently can damage the tree.

Common pests affecting Boswellia frereana include the scale insect (Aspidiotus spp.) and the red spider mite (Tetranychus spp.). Fungal diseases include root rot (Phytophthora spp.) and leaf spot (Cercospora spp.). Regular monitoring and timely treatment can help prevent infestations and diseases.

What are the botanical aspects of Boswellia frereana?

Boswellia frereana is a small tree or shrub that belongs to the Burseraceae family. It has a woody trunk, a smooth bark, and a conical shape, typically growing up to 5-10 meters in height. Its leaves are dark green, ovate, and pubescent.

Boswellia frereana is a member of the genus Boswellia, which contains around 25 species of evergreen trees and shrubs. The genus is part of the family Burseraceae, which comprises about 170 species of trees and shrubs. The species is native to the Middle East and Africa.

Three main variants of Boswellia frereana exist: Boswellia frereana, Boswellia papyrifera, and Boswellia sacra. These variants differ in their leaf morphology, resin content, and geographical distribution. However, they share similar pharmacological properties.

Boswellia frereana is widely distributed throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of India. It grows in dry, rocky areas and tolerates full sun. The plant can thrive in arid conditions, making it an ideal species for cultivation in dry climates.

The life cycle of Boswellia frereana is a continuous process of growth, development, and reproduction. The plant produces flowers, fruits, and seeds throughout the year, with a peak flowering period in the summer months. After seed dispersal, the seedlings grow into mature trees, continuing the life cycle.

What are the historical aspects of Boswellia frereana?

Boswellia frereana is an ancient plant used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including pain relief, skin care, and respiratory issues, dating back to ancient Egypt and Rome.

In Mesopotamian mythology, frankincense was associated with the god of purification, while in Egyptian mythology, it was linked to the god of protection, Anubis, who used it to ward off evil spirits. Frankincense was also a gift from the gods in Hindu mythology.

The symbolic meanings of frankincense have varied across cultures, including representing spiritual growth, protection, and purification in some African and Native American cultures, and used in Buddhist rituals for meditation and cleansing.

Historical texts such as the Ebers Papyrus and the Edwin Smith Papyrus, dating back to around 1550 BCE, reference frankincense as a treatment for various ailments, including skin conditions, wounds, and respiratory issues.

Archaeological findings have revealed frankincense residues in ancient tombs, temples, and artifacts, including a 2,000-year-old Roman shipwreck in the Mediterranean, highlighting the significant role of frankincense in ancient trade and cultural exchange.