What to know about Borago officinalis (borage) before using it medicinally

Borago officinalis, commonly known as borage, is a herb that boasts a wide range of health-promoting properties, including its ability to reduce inflammation, improve cardiovascular health, and even alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression.

As a versatile crop, borage is highly valued in horticulture for its easy cultivation, high yields, and attractive edible flowers that can add a pop of color to salads and other dishes. Botanically, borage is a member of the Boraginaceae family and is characterized by its distinctive five-petaled blue flowers and heart-shaped leaves.

Historically, borage has been revered for its medicinal and culinary uses by ancient Greeks and Romans, who considered it a sacred herb and used it to flavor wine and enhance the flavor of food.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Borago officinalis.

What are the medicinal properties of Borago officinalis?

Borago officinalis helps with inflammation, arthritis, and skin conditions due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is used to reduce pain, swelling, and improve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Its extract is also used to treat acne and eczema.

The medicinal properties of borage are attributed to its active constituents, including gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), oleic acid, and vitamin C. GLA is an omega-6 fatty acid that plays a crucial role in reducing inflammation. These constituents also contribute to its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

The parts of the borage plant most used for medicinal purposes are its leaves and flowers. The leaves are rich in GLA and other fatty acids, making them ideal for treating inflammation and skin conditions. The flowers, on the other hand, are used to make teas and infusions for their antispasmodic and antacid properties.

Using borage improperly can lead to several side effects, including allergic reactions, digestive issues, and interactions with medications. Allergic reactions can manifest as skin rashes, itching, and respiratory problems. Excessive consumption of its extracts can cause stomach upset, diarrhea, and nausea.

When using borage medicinally, it is essential to take precautions to avoid interactions with other medications and conditions. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult with a healthcare professional before using borage due to its potential effects on the fetus or baby. Additionally, individuals with bleeding disorders or taking anticoagulant medications should use borage with caution.

What are the horticulural aspects of Borago officinalis?

Borago officinalis grow in full sun to partial shade, requiring a minimum of 6 hours of direct sunlight per day. The optimal temperature range is between 15°C to 20°C (59°F to 68°F), and it tolerates a wide range of soils, including clay, loam, and sand. However, it prefers well-draining soil with a pH between 6.0 and 8.0.

Planting tips for Borago officinalis involve sowing seeds directly into the ground in late spring or early summer. Seeds are sown 1-2 cm (0.4-0.8 in) deep and 5-7 cm (2-3 in) apart in rows 30 cm (12 in) apart. Alternatively, seedlings can be transplanted in the same growing conditions. Water regularly, but avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot.

Harvesting Borago officinalis involves picking the leaves, flowers, and seeds at different stages of growth. Leaves can be harvested continuously by pinching off the tips of the stems. Flowers are harvested when they are in full bloom, typically in mid to late summer, and can be used fresh or dried for later use. Seeds are harvested when the flowers have faded and the seed pods have turned brown.

Common pests affecting Borago officinalis include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. These pests can be controlled using insecticidal soap, neem oil, or horticultural oil. Common diseases affecting borage include powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot. These diseases can be prevented by providing good air circulation, removing infected plants, and treating with fungicides.

What are the botanical aspects of Borago officinalis?

Borago officinalis is a herbaceous annual plant with simple, alternate leaves and a taproot. Leaves are ovate to lance-shaped, 5-12 cm long, and 2-5 cm wide, with a serrated margin. Stems are erect, branched, and covered with soft hairs.

Borago officinalis belongs to the Boraginaceae family and is classified as a monocotyledonous plant. It is a member of the tribe Boragineae and the subtribe Boragininae. The genus Borago has a single species, Borago officinalis, which is a homotypic synonym of Borago boragineae.

There are several variants of Borago officinalis, including Borago officinalis subsp. officinalis and Borago officinalis subsp. californica. The cultivar Borago officinalis 'Fimbriata' is a decorative form with fringed leaves.

Borago officinalis is native to the Mediterranean region and southwestern Europe. It has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including North Africa, North America, and South America. It grows in a variety of habitats, from coastal areas to mountainous regions.

The life cycle of Borago officinalis involves germination in 7-10 days, followed by a vegetative growth stage that lasts for 3-6 weeks. The plant produces flowers in 6-8 weeks, which are followed by seed production. The seeds mature in 12-14 weeks and are dispersed by wind.

What are the historical aspects of Borago officinalis?

Borago officinalis is a plant that has been used for culinary and medicinal purposes for thousands of years. The ancient Greeks used borage to flavor wine, while the Romans used it in soups and stews. It was also used as a source of oil.

In Greek and Roman mythology, borage was associated with the goddess of love, Aphrodite, and the god of war, Mars. The plant's white flowers were said to have been carried by the gods to the gods' banquet on Mount Olympus. Borage was also associated with the mythological figure of the phoenix.

In the Middle Ages, borage was seen as a symbol of courage and strength, as its flowers resemble the armor of knights. The plant's blue and white colors were also associated with the Virgin Mary, making it a popular subject in medieval art and literature.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, European herbalists such as John Gerard and Nicholas Culpeper wrote about the medicinal properties of borage. Gerard described borage as a "comfortable plant" that could cure ailments such as gout and sciatica, while Culpeper wrote about its use in treating fever and melancholy.

Archaeological evidence has shown that borage was cultivated in ancient gardens in Greece and Rome, where it was used as a ornamental plant as well as a culinary and medicinal one. Excavations in the ancient city of Pompeii have uncovered borage seeds and leaves preserved in the ash and pumice that covered the city.