What to know about Bidens pilosa (spanish needle) before using it medicinally

Bidens pilosa, commonly known as Spanish Needle, is a medicinal herb that has been prized for centuries for its remarkable health-giving properties, which include reducing inflammation, improving wound healing, and demonstrating antimicrobial and antifungal activities.

As a versatile and low-maintenance ornamental plant, Bidens pilosa is widely cultivated in gardens for its attractive white or pink flowers and fine, fern-like foliage. Botanically, the herb belongs to the Asteraceae family and is characterized by its small, dandelion-like flowers and delicate stem.

The plant's traditional use in folk medicine and its reputation as a "miracle cure" for various ailments have been documented in the works of herbalists and medical practitioners from ancient Greece to modern China.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Bidens pilosa.

What are the medicinal properties of Bidens pilosa?

Bidens pilosa helps with wound healing, inflammation, and fever reduction. It is used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including gastrointestinal issues, skin conditions, and respiratory problems.

The active constituents of Bidens pilosa include flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenoids, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities.

The most commonly used parts of the plant for medicinal purposes are the leaves, stems, and flowers. The leaves are rich in flavonoids and sesquiterpenes, while the stems and flowers contain triterpenoids and other bioactive compounds.

Possible side effects of Bidens pilosa include gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications. Improper use or excessive consumption can lead to these adverse effects, emphasizing the need for proper dosing and preparation.

Precautions when using Bidens pilosa medicinally include pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as individuals with allergies or sensitivities. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using the plant, especially if taken in combination with other medications or health conditions.

What are the horticulural aspects of Bidens pilosa?

Bidens pilosa, also known as Spanish needle, grow in tropical and subtropical regions, thriving in full sun to partial shade, and well-drained soils with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. It can tolerate a wide range of temperatures from 10-40°C. It is a warm-season crop.

For optimal growth, plant Bidens pilosa 1-2 feet apart in rows, 3-4 feet apart, in a well-prepared seedbed. Sow seeds directly in the ground, 1/8 inch deep, and water thoroughly. It can be direct-seeded or transplanted from nurseries. A single plant can produce thousands of seeds.

Harvest Bidens pilosa flowers when they are in full bloom, typically 60-90 days after planting. Cut off the flowering stems, leaving about 6 inches of stem and foliage intact. Harvest the plant every 10-14 days to encourage continuous blooming and prevent seed dispersal.

Bidens pilosa is susceptible to pests such as aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites, which can cause curled or distorted leaves, and reduced plant growth. It is also affected by fungal diseases like powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot, which can be managed through proper sanitation, irrigation, and application of fungicides.

What are the botanical aspects of Bidens pilosa?

Bidens pilosa is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant, typically growing to 1-3 meters in height, with a taproot and a branching stem. It has oppositely arranged leaves, 4-12 cm long, with entire margins. The leaves are elliptical to lanceolate in shape. The stem is often hairy.

Bidens pilosa is classified in the family Asteraceae, in the subfamily Asteroideae, in the tribe Bidisseae, and in the genus Bidens. It is commonly known as Spanish Needle, Beggar's Lice, or Sticky Bob. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

There are several variants of Bidens pilosa, including var. pilosa, var. arvensis, and var. tenuifolia. These variants can be distinguished by differences in leaf size, shape, and hairiness, as well as by differences in seed and flower structure.

Bidens pilosa is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It has been naturalized in many regions, including Australia, India, and the southeastern United States. It grows in a variety of habitats, including fields, roadsides, and waste areas.

The life cycle of Bidens pilosa is one of vegetative growth and reproduction. The plant produces small white or yellowish flowers in late spring and early summer, which are followed by seed production in late summer. The seeds are dispersed by wind and water, allowing the plant to spread to new areas. The plant also reproduces vegetatively through fragmentation, where pieces of stem or root are broken off and grow into new plants.

What are the historical aspects of Bidens pilosa?

Bidens pilosa, also known as Spanish needle, is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. In many cultures, its leaves and roots were used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions. In some regions, it was also used as a poultice to treat wounds and swellings.

In many ancient cultures, Bidens pilosa was associated with mythological figures and deities. For example, in some African cultures, the plant was associated with the god of fertility, while in other cultures, it was associated with the goddess of healing. In some Native American cultures, the plant was used in rituals to purify and cleanse.

Bidens pilosa has significant symbolic meanings across different cultures. In some cultures, the plant is seen as a symbol of protection and healing, while in others, it is associated with fertility and abundance. In some cultures, the plant is also seen as a symbol of good luck and prosperity.

In ancient historical texts, Bidens pilosa was mentioned as a medicinal plant. The Greek physician Dioscorides wrote about its uses in his book De Materia Medica, while the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder also mentioned the plant in his writings. Similarly, in traditional Chinese medicine, the plant was used to treat various conditions.

Several historical artifacts have been found that demonstrate the use of Bidens pilosa in ancient cultures. For example, a 16th-century illustration of a medicinal plant in the Codex Mendoza shows a plant that is believed to be Bidens pilosa. Additionally, a number of ancient ceramics and pottery have been found with depictions of the plant, further demonstrating its significance in ancient cultures.