Bergera koenigii

Names and Synonyms

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Chalcas siamensis
• Bergera siamensis
• Chalcas koenigii
• Camunium koenigii
• Murraya koenigii
• Murraya siamensis
• Murraya foetidissima
• Nimbo melioides

Sources: Wikidata

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Sapindales, it is classified under the family Rutaceae. Finally, its specific taxonomic designation is placed within the genus Bergera.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a widespread distribution across several specific regions in Asia. Within China, it can be found throughout the South-Central provinces and the Southeast region. Additionally, its presence is documented on the tropical island of Hainan. Moving to the Indian Subcontinent, the species is known to grow in the state of Assam. Finally, its geographical range extends further into the country of Bangladesh.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Bergera koeinigii is characterized by its ability to inhabit a broad vertical gradient across diverse montane and sub-montane landscapes. This species demonstrates significant adaptability to varying topographical conditions, occupying an expansive elevational range that extends from as low as 150 m AMSL to elevations reaching as high as 2900 m AMSL. This wide altitudinal distribution suggests that the plant can tolerate a diverse array of climatic variables, including fluctuations in temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure associated with shifting mountain profiles. Such a broad ecological niche allows it to persist in both lowland tropical or subtropical environments and higher-altitude regions where environmental stressors are more pronounced.

Elevational range max:

2900 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

150 m AMSL

Life history

The life history of Bergera koeinigii is characterized by its status as a perennial plant, allowing it to persist through multiple growing seasons rather than completing its cycle in a single year. Throughout its lifespan, the plant maintains an evergreen nature, retaining its foliage continuously rather than shedding it seasonally. This combination of a long-lived lifecycle and constant leaf presence enables the species to maintain a stable biological presence within its ecological niche.

Deciduousness :

evergreen

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Bergera koeinigii is characterized by its growth form as a woody tree, reaching a mean plant height of approximately 6 m. This species functions as an independent organism, meaning it does not exhibit parasitic behavior, and it is categorized as a terrestrial plant rather than an aquatic, semiaquatic, or epiphytic species. In terms of its structural habit, the plant is self-supporting, functioning neither as an obligatory nor a facultative climber, such as a liana or vine, but rather maintaining its own stature through its woody composition.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height mean:

6 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Bergia koenigii is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation process and metabolic efficiency within its natural habitat. In terms of nutrient acquisition, the plant does not function as a nitrogen fixer, meaning it relies on the uptake of available nitrogen from the soil through its root system rather than through symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Bergera koenigii is characterized by a specific flowering phenology that governs its seasonal reproductive cycle. The plant begins its flowering period in April, marking the onset of its reproductive phase. This flowering duration continues through the warmer and more stable months, eventually reaching its conclusion in October. While the timing of these reproductive events can be subject to environmental variations, the core cycle typically spans from the spring months through the autumn, ensuring a window of opportunity for pollination and subsequent seed development.

Flowering time :

Apr

Flowering time :

Oct

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Bergera koenigii has 4 reported plant parts identified across 38 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf, root, stem, seed.

Leaf

1. Investigational new drugs
2. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology
3. Phytotherapy research : PTR
4. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry
5. Scientific reports

Root

1. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry
2. Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]
3. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Folia microbiologica

Stem

1. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry
2. Folia microbiologica

Seed

1. Fitoterapia

Chemicals

Bergera koenigii has 185 reported phytochemicals identified across 38 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Mahanimbine, Mahanine, Girinimbine, Flavonoids, Koenimbine.

Mahanimbine

1. Dr. Duke
2. Phytotherapy research : PTR
3. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
4. Chemistry & biodiversity
5. Biomedical chromatography : BMC

Mahanine

1. Dr. Duke
2. Scientific reports
3. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
4. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
5. Chemistry & biodiversity

Girinimbine

1. Dr. Duke
2. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology
3. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry
4. Chemistry & biodiversity
5. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)

Flavonoids

1. Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]
2. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology
4. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry

Koenimbine

1. Dr. Duke
2. Chemistry & biodiversity
3. ACS omega
4. Journal of Asian natural products research

Ash

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences
3. Heliyon

Flavonoid

1. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies
2. Veterinary world
3. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine

Koenigine

1. Dr. Duke
2. Chemistry & biodiversity
3. Journal of natural products

Koenine

1. Dr. Duke
2. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology

O-Methylmurrayamine A

1. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology
2. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
3. Chemistry & biodiversity

Activities

Bergera koenigii has 387 reported activities identified across 38 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic, Antibacterial, Anticancer.

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine
3. BioMed research international
4. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
5. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies

Antimicrobial

1. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
2. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies
3. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence
5. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry

Antidiabetic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence
4. Pharmacological research
5. Heliyon

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Biomedical chromatography : BMC
3. Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence
4. Heliyon

Anticancer

1. Dr. Duke
2. Scientific reports
3. Biomedical chromatography : BMC
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antitumor

1. Dr. Duke
2. Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine
3. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Pharmacological research

Cytotoxic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies
3. Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence
4. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry

Antiviral

1. Dr. Duke
2. Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine
3. Pharmacological research

Hypoglycemic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Biomedical chromatography : BMC
3. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)

Antiinflammatory

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

Conditions

Bergera koenigii has 1 reported investigations on conditions identified across 38 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include cancer stem cells.

Cancer stem cells

1. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry

Preparations

Bergera koenigii has 27 reported preparations identified across 38 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include leaves, Leaf extracts, MK leaf and stem whole extracts obtained using toluene, Mk leaf extract, acetone extract of the fresh leaves of Murraya koenigii.

Leaves

1. ACS omega
2. Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology

Leaf extracts

1. Cureus

Mk leaf and stem whole extracts obtained using toluene

1. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry

Mk leaf extract

1. Drug development and industrial pharmacy

Acetone extract of the fresh leaves of murraya koenigii

1. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

Aqueous and ethanolic fractions

1. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

Aqueous extract

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Aqueous leaf extract

1. Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence

Aqueous leaves extract

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Callus cultures

1. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry