What to know about Bellis perennis (daisy) before using it medicinally

Bellis perennis, commonly known as daisy, is a herb that has been prized for centuries for its numerous health-promoting properties, including its ability to soothe skin irritations and reduce inflammation.

In terms of horticultural aspects, the daisy is a low-maintenance perennial that thrives in a variety of environments, making it a popular choice for gardeners of all levels. From a botanical standpoint, the daisy is a member of the Asteraceae family and is characterized by its distinctive white and yellow flowers and glossy green foliage.

In ancient cultures, the daisy was revered for its medicinal properties, with references to its use dating back to the Greeks, Romans, and medieval Europeans.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Bellis perennis.

What are the medicinal properties of Bellis perennis?

Bellis perennis helps with wound healing, skin issues, and inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It is used to treat conditions such as eczema, acne, and minor cuts and burns. The plant's extract is also used in cosmetic products for its soothing and moisturizing effects.

The active constituents of Bellis perennis include sesquiterpene lactones, such as costunolide and parthenolide, which have been identified as the primary compounds responsible for its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the flowers, leaves, and roots. The flowers are rich in sesquiterpene lactones and are often used to treat skin conditions and wounds. The leaves and roots are also used to make teas and infusions for their anti-inflammatory properties.

Possible side effects of Bellis perennis include skin irritation, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal upset if used in high doses or for extended periods. It is also contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to its potential teratogenic effects.

Precautions when using Bellis perennis medicinally include using it in moderation, starting with low doses, and monitoring for potential side effects. It is also recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using the plant, especially if taking other medications or having underlying medical conditions.

What are the horticulural aspects of Bellis perennis?

Bellis perennis grow in well-draining soil and full sun to partial shade. Optimal temperature for growth is between 15-20°C, with moderate watering, but can tolerate dry conditions. It thrives in neutral to slightly acidic soil pH.

For optimal growth, plant Bellis perennis in the spring or fall, when temperatures are cooler. Sow seeds 1-2 cm deep, 15-20 cm apart, in a container or directly in the ground. Water lightly, then maintain consistent moisture. Thin seedlings to 15 cm apart to prevent overcrowding.

To harvest Bellis perennis, pick individual flowers as they bloom, or cut back the entire plant after flowering to encourage new growth. Harvest leaves and stems as needed, but avoid over-harvesting, which can weaken the plant. Deadhead regularly to promote continuous blooming.

Common pests affecting Bellis perennis include aphids, slugs, and snails. Fungal diseases such as powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot can also affect the plant. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of pests or disease and take action promptly to prevent damage and spread.

What are the botanical aspects of Bellis perennis?

Bellis perennis is a small, perennial herb that grows up to 10-30 cm in height. Its leaves are dark green, lance-shaped, and 2-5 cm long, arranged alternately on the stem. The leaves have serrated margins and a short petiole.

The taxonomic classification of Bellis perennis places it in the family Asteraceae, order Asterales, and kingdom Plantae. It is further classified as genus Bellis, species perennis. Its closest relative is Bellis annua, an annual plant.

There are several variants of Bellis perennis, including Bellis perennis var. rosea, with pink flowers, and Bellis perennis var. alba, with white flowers. Some cultivars have double flowers or different flower sizes.

Bellis perennis is found in the wild in Europe, western Asia, and north Africa. It has been naturalized in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It typically grows in lawns, meadows, and along roadsides.

The life cycle of Bellis perennis begins with seed germination in spring. The plant grows from a rosette of leaves to a flowering stem, producing daisy-like flowers in mid to late summer. Seeds are produced in late summer, which disperse in autumn, allowing the cycle to repeat.

What are the historical aspects of Bellis perennis?

Bellis perennis is an herb that has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. In medieval Europe, daisies were used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions. The plant's flowers, leaves, and roots were used to create remedies.

In ancient Greek and Roman mythology, daisies were associated with the goddess of love, Aphrodite. According to legend, the daisy's white petals represented purity, while its yellow center symbolized love. In Norse mythology, the daisy was linked to the god of war, Thor.

Throughout history, the daisy has been imbued with symbolic meanings. In Christianity, the daisy represents innocence and purity. In the language of flowers, the daisy is often used to convey new beginnings and fresh starts. In some cultures, the daisy is seen as a symbol of longevity and good fortune.

Historical texts mention the daisy's use in traditional medicine as far back as the 10th century. In "The Herbal" by John Gerard, published in 1597, the daisy is listed as a treatment for skin conditions. Similarly, in "The Physicall and Chirurgicall Observations" by Nicholas Culpeper, published in 1651, the daisy is mentioned as a remedy for fever.

Archaeological findings have revealed that daisies have been present in human environments for thousands of years. Excavations at ancient settlements in Europe have uncovered daisy seeds and plant remains dating back to the Bronze Age (c. 3000 BCE). Similarly, daisy fossils have been found in deposits dating back to the Pleistocene era (c. 2.6 million years ago).