Desert Date

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Balanites
• desert-date
• soapberry-tree
• Desert Date
• Simple-Thorned Green Thorn
• Simple-Thorned Torch Wood

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Agialid aegyptiaca
• Ximenia aegyptiaca

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant, Balaenites aegyptiaca, belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta. Within the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae, it is categorized under the order Zygophyllales and the family Zygophyllaceae. Finally, its specific taxonomic placement is defined by the genus Balaenites.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant is primarily located within the vast landscapes of Northern Africa. Its distribution spans across several distinct countries, including Algeria and Egypt. Furthermore, it can be found growing throughout the territories of Libya and Morocco. The species also extends its reach into the region of Western Sahara. Collectively, these areas define the specific geographical range of this medicinal species.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Balanites aegyptiaca is characterized by its ability to thrive in diverse semi-arid environments, ranging from dry bushland and bushland-dominated grasslands to more densely vegetated wooded grasslands or woodlands. It exhibits significant ecological flexibility by colonizing both upland terrains and more moisture-dependent niches, frequently occurring in riverine areas and along the margins of luggas, where seasonal water availability supports its growth. This wide distribution across various landscape types allows the species to play a vital role in the structural complexity and biological stability of these fragile ecosystems.

Habitat :

dry bushland, bushed grassland, wooded grassland or woodland, also riverine and along luggas

Life history

The life history of Balanites aegyptiaca is characterized by its status as a perennial plant, allowing it to persist in its environment over many years. As a phanerophyte, its regenerative buds are located on aerial shoots well above the ground, a structural adaptation that defines its life form. The plant maintains an evergreen deciduousness, ensuring that its foliage remains present throughout its life cycle rather than shedding seasonally. This combination of a long-lived perennial lifecycle and a phanerophyte life form enables the species to establish a stable and enduring presence in its native habitat.

Deciduousness :

evergreen

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Balanites aegyptiaca is characterized by its growth form as a woody tree, which functions as a self-supporting, independent organism rather than a parasite or epiphyte. As a terrestrial species, it exhibits a substantial stature, with plant heights ranging from a minimum of 1.5 m to a maximum of 12 m, maintaining an average height of approximately 9 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

12 m

Plant height mean:

9 m

Plant height min:

1.5 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Balanites aegyptiaca is characterized by its specific metabolic and structural adaptations to its environment. The plant utilizes a C3 photosynthetic pathway to facilitate carbon fixation and energy production. In terms of its structural composition, the stem exhibits a highly consistent Stem Specific Density (SSD), with a recorded mean, minimum, and maximum value of 650 mg/cm³, indicating a uniform density throughout its woody tissues. Additionally, regarding its nutrient acquisition strategies, the species does not function as a nitrogen fixer.

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Stem specific density (SSD) min:

650 mg/cm³

Reproduction

The reproduction of Balanites aegyptiaca is driven by a biotic pollination syndrome, primarily facilitated by insects. This reliance on animal vectors ensures the successful transfer of pollen between flowers to achieve fertilization. Following successful pollination, the plant produces seeds that exhibit a notable range in size. The seed mass varies from a minimum of 0.89 g to a maximum of 2.0625 g, with the average seed mass recorded at approximately 1.300625 g. This variability in seed mass plays a significant role in the plant's dispersal and establishment strategies within its natural habitat.

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Seed mass max:

2.0625 g

Seed mass mean:

1.300625 g

Seed mass min:

0.89 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Balanites aegyptiaca has 5 reported plant parts identified across 19 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include fruit, seed, stem, root, leaf.

Fruit

1. Veterinary research communications
2. Parasitology research
3. Phytochemistry
4. Fitoterapia
5. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Seed

1. Veterinary research communications
2. RSC advances
3. Veterinary and human toxicology
4. Pharmaceutics

Stem

1. RSC advances
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. Fitoterapia

Root

1. BMC complementary and alternative medicine
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Leaf

1. RSC advances

Chemicals

Balanites aegyptiaca has 19 reported phytochemicals identified across 19 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include 3-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone, BALANITIN 7, Hyperoside, Isoquercitrin, Isorhamnetin-3-O-robinobioside.

3-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone

1. Fitoterapia

BALANITIN 7

1. International journal of oncology

Hyperoside

1. Natural product research

Isoquercitrin

1. Natural product research

Isorhamnetin-3-O-robinobioside

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Methyl ether

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Myricetol

1. Natural product research

N-trans-Feruloyltyramine

1. Fitoterapia

Quercetol

1. Natural product research

Activities

Balanites aegyptiaca has 14 reported activities identified across 19 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antidiabetic, Anthelmintic, Anticancer, Antiepileptic, Antifungal.

Antidiabetic

1. RSC advances
2. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
3. Chinese journal of integrative medicine
4. Scientific reports

Anthelmintic

1. Parasitology research
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Anticancer

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antiepileptic

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antifungal

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antimicrobial

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antimutagenic

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antiparasitic

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antiplasmodial

1. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine

Antipsychotic

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Conditions

Balanites aegyptiaca has 31 reported investigations on conditions identified across 19 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include Candida albicans, antidiabetic, jaundice, Candida, Fasciola gigantica.

Candida albicans

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology
2. BMC complementary and alternative medicine

Antidiabetic

1. Journal of food biochemistry
2. Chinese journal of integrative medicine

Jaundice

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR
2. Chinese journal of integrative medicine

Candida

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Fasciola gigantica

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Gram-negative bacteria

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Gram-positive bacteria

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Hdl-cholesterol

1. Journal of hazardous materials

Herpes simplex virus

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Ldl-cholesterol

1. Journal of hazardous materials

Preparations

Balanites aegyptiaca has 22 reported preparations identified across 19 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include Balanites aegyptiaca kernels, Extracts of the root barks, aqueous extract of mesocarps of the fruits, crude methanolic extracts, date extract.

Balanites aegyptiaca kernels

1. International journal of oncology

Extracts of the root barks

1. BMC complementary and alternative medicine

Aqueous extract of mesocarps of the fruits

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Crude methanolic extracts

1. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry

Date extract

1. Veterinary research communications

Dichloromethane extract of the stem-barks

1. Fitoterapia

Ethanol extract of the root

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Ethanolic extract of the epicarps

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Ethanolic extracts of balanites aegyptiaca barks

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Extract

1. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM