Azadirachta excelsa
Azadirachta excelsa · Accepted scientific name
Scientific literature: Very Sparse (0 studies) · ★☆☆☆☆
Azadirachta excelsa is a notable botanical species known for containing a specific profile of bioactive chemical compounds. Research indicates that the plant possesses specialized molecules such as 11Alpha-Azadirachtin H, 11beta-Azadirachtin H, 2,3-dihydronimbolide, and 28-Deoxonimbolide. These valuable constituents are primarily concentrated within the plant's seed and stem. Scientists frequently utilize different preparations, including seed kernels and stem extracts, to study these properties. Consequently, this species serves as a significant subject in the investigation of natural chemical resources.
- Synonyms
- Melia Excelsa · Azadirachta Integrifoliola · 1 more
- Common names
- Not available
- Family
- Meliaceae
- Distribution
- Asia-Tropical
- Plant Parts
- Seed · Stem
Classification
Common Names
Azadirachta excelsa is a versatile botanical species recognized by a wide array of regional and international names. In various local contexts, it is frequently referred to as Kayu bawang or Limpaga. The plant is also widely known by the common name Neem Tree, reflecting its significant global presence. Depending on the specific culture or area, you may also encounter it called Rang-gu or Sentang. These diverse monikers highlight the deep-rooted cultural and linguistic connections surrounding this remarkable tree.
Sources: Catalogue of Life (COL)
Synonyms
Azadirachta excelsa is a botanical species that is frequently identified by several different scientific names in various literature. Within taxonomic records, it is recognized by the synonym Azadirachta integrifoliola. Researchers may also encounter the plant referred to as Azedarach excelsa in certain academic contexts. Additionally, the name Melia excelsa serves as another valid synonym for this specific tree. Understanding these shifting nomenclatures is essential for accurate identification in the field of botany.
Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)
Taxonomy
Azadirachta excelsa is a remarkable biological entity that belongs to the kingdom Plantae. Within this vast kingdom, the species is classified under the class Equisetopsida. It further falls into the order Sapindales, a group that showcases diverse botanical characteristics. This plant is a distinguished member of the genus Azadirachta, which defines its unique genetic lineage. Finally, its specific placement within the family Meliaceae highlights its structural and evolutionary connections to related woody species.
| Rank | Classification |
|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Streptophyta |
| Class | Equisetopsida |
| Subclass | Magnoliidae |
| Order | Sapindales |
| Family | Meliaceae |
| Genus | Azadirachta |
Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)
Distribution
Geographic Regions
Azadirachta excelsa is widely distributed across the diverse landscapes of tropical Asia. Its presence is firmly established throughout the Indo-China region, specifically within the territories of Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Beyond the mainland, the species extends its reach into the Malesia region, making it a significant component of local flora. Within these equatorial zones, it can be found thriving in Borneo as well as throughout Malaya. This broad geographic range highlights the plant's adaptability to various tropical environments across the continent.
Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)
Identification
Morphology
Azadirachta excelsa is a magnificent tree characterized by its robust and self-supporting growth form. This impressive species can reach a significant height, typically peaking at around 40 meters. However, under optimal environmental conditions, it is capable of stretching even higher to a maximum of 50 meters. Such grand dimensions make it a standout feature in its native landscape.
Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)
Biological Activities
Compounds
Azadirachta excelsa is a chemically diverse plant that serves as a rich source of various bioactive limonoids. Analysis of its seed kernels has revealed the presence of specific azadirachtin derivatives, including 11alpha-azadirachtin H, 11beta-azadirachtin H, and azadirachtol. Beyond these seed components, the plant's stem extracts contain significant compounds such as nimbolide and 28-deoxonimbolide. Research indicates that these constituents possess noteworthy biological properties, ranging from insecticidal toxicity to broad cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines. Ultimately, the complex chemical profile of Azadirachta excelsa highlights its significant potential for both agricultural and medicinal applications.
Conditions
Azadirachta excelsa provides bioactive compounds that demonstrate significant efficacy against specific biological targets. Derivatives isolated from its seed kernels, such as azadirachtins O-Q, exhibit high toxicity toward the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Additionally, limonoids extracted from the stems of the plant show promise in medicinal applications. Specifically, constituents like nimbolide and 28-deoxonimbolide have demonstrated broad cytotoxicity against human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cells. These diverse chemical properties highlight the plant's potential for both pest control and cancer research.
Preparations
Azadirachta excelsa is prepared as seed kernels to isolate various azadirachtin derivatives, including new compounds named azadirachtins O-Q. These derivatives, alongside known substances like azadirachtin B, have demonstrated significant toxicity toward the diamondback moth. Additionally, Azadirachta excelsa is prepared as a stem extract to facilitate the fractionation of limonoids. This extraction process led to the discovery of novel meliacin-type limonoids such as 2,3-dihydronimbolide and 3-deoxymethylnimbidate. Furthermore, the stem extract contains cytotoxic constituents like nimbolide and 28-deoxonimbolide which are effective against human cancer cell lines.
Parts used
Azadirachta excelsa serves as a rich source of biologically active compounds derived from different morphological structures. Research indicates that the seed kernels of this plant contain various azadirachtin derivatives, which demonstrate significant toxicity against the diamondback moth. Furthermore, the stem of the species provides a different chemical profile, specifically yielding several meliacin-type limonoids. Studies involving stem extracts have successfully isolated both novel and known compounds, such as nimbolide, which exhibit cytotoxic properties against human cancer cell lines. Ultimately, both the seeds and the stems of Azadirachta excelsa play crucial roles in providing diverse chemical constituents for pharmaceutical and agricultural interest.