triplinerved eupatorium

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• triplinerved eupatorium

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Ayapana officinalis
• Eupatorium ayapana
• Eupatorium luzoniense
• Eupatorium triplinerve

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Asterales, it is classified under the family Asteraceae. Finally, it is identified by its specific genus, Ayapana, and species name, trip linervis.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant, Apayana triplinervis, exhibits a specific geographical distribution across several distinct regions. In West Tropical Africa, its presence is documented within the borders of Benin. Moving toward the maritime regions, it can be found throughout the Western Indian Ocean. Specifically, this species inhabits the islands of Mauritius, Réunion, and Rodrigues. Finally, its range extends further within the Western Indian Ocean to include the Seychelles.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Ayapana tripinnervis is intrinsically linked to the unique environmental conditions of the Campinarana ecosystem. This specialized habitat, characterized by white-sand soils that are typically nutrient-poor and highly acidic, dictates the plant's growth patterns and survival strategies. Within these sandy campinas, the vegetation is often stunted and adapted to high solar radiation and periodic moisture fluctuations, creating a distinct niche that Ayapana tripinnervis occupies. The plant's presence in these specific sandy environments suggests a high degree of specialization to the low-nutrient, well-drained substrates characteristic of the region, where it plays a role in the complex biological interactions of this restricted ecological formation.

Habitat :

Campinarana

Life history

The life history of Ayapana triplinervis is characterized by its nature as a perennial plant, allowing it to persist through multiple growing seasons. Throughout its developmental stages, it establishes a robust presence in its natural habitat, transitioning through various phases of growth that support its long-term survival. As a perennial species, it does not follow the rapid single-season cycle of annuals or the two-year cycle of biennials, but instead maintains a continuous life cycle that facilitates repeated flowering and vegetative expansion over several years.

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Ayapana triplinervis is characterized by its growth form as a non-woody herb and forb, which functions as a self-supporting organism rather than a climber or a parasite, maintaining an independent biological status. This terrestrial plant typically exhibits a height ranging from a minimum of approximately 0.61 m to a maximum of 0.91 m, with a recorded mean height of 1.5 m. It does not possess epiphytic qualities, growing instead directly in terrestrial habitats, and is entirely non-aquatic in its ecological niche.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Growth form :

forb

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

0.914411119 m

Plant height mean:

1.5 m

Plant height min:

0.609607413 m

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Apayana tripinnervis is characterized by complex metabolic pathways and specialized nutrient acquisition strategies essential for its survival in specific ecological niches. A key aspect of its physiological profile involves its interaction with soil nutrients, particularly regarding its capacity for atmospheric nitrogen assimilation; specifically, the plant is not a nitrogen fixer, meaning it lacks the symbiotic relationship with diazotrophic bacteria required to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. Instead, it relies on the uptake of inorganic nitrogen sources, such as nitrates and ammonium, through its root system to support protein synthesis and cellular growth. Its metabolic processes are governed by efficient photosynthetic mechanisms that drive the production of carbohydrates, which are then distributed via vascular tissues to facilitate various physiological functions, including secondary metabolite production and structural maintenance.

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Ayapana triplinervis has 1 reported plant parts identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf.

Leaf

1. RSC advances
2. Pharmaceutical biology
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Chemicals

Ayapana triplinervis has 24 reported phytochemicals identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include quercetin, 7-Methoxycoumarin, coumarin, ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE, BETA-SELINENE.

quercetin

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
2. International journal of molecular sciences
3. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

7-Methoxycoumarin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

coumarin

1. Dr. Duke
2. RSC advances

ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE

1. Dr. Duke

BETA-SELINENE

1. Dr. Duke

BORNYL ACETATE

1. Dr. Duke

Borneol

1. Dr. Duke

CHLOROGENIC ACID

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Coumarins

1. Pharmaceutical biology

Dipentene

1. Dr. Duke

Activities

Ayapana triplinervis has 101 reported activities identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Analgesic, Antibacterial, Sedative, (-)-Chronotropic, (-)-Inotropic.

Analgesic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceutical biology

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceutical biology

Sedative

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceutical biology

(-)-Chronotropic

1. Dr. Duke

(-)-Inotropic

1. Dr. Duke

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Allelochemic

1. Dr. Duke

Allergenic

1. Dr. Duke

Anesthetic

1. Dr. Duke

Anthelmintic

1. Pharmaceutical biology

Conditions

Ayapana triplinervis has 9 reported investigations on conditions identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include wounds, ZIKV infection, Zika virus, immune responses, inflammation.

Wounds

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Zikv infection

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Zika virus

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Immune responses

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Inflammation

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Insect bites

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Metabolic diseases

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Oxidative stress

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Regeneration

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Preparations

Ayapana triplinervis has 9 reported preparations identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include polyphenolic extracts, Essential Oil, Fresh bruised leaves, alcoholic extract (AYA), alcoholic leaf extracts.

Polyphenolic extracts

1. International journal of molecular sciences
2. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

Essential oil

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Fresh bruised leaves

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Alcoholic extract (aya)

1. RSC advances

Alcoholic leaf extracts

1. RSC advances

Aqueous extract

1. RSC advances

Aqueous extracts

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Methanol extract

1. Pharmaceutical biology

Water extract of the leaves (ayw)

1. RSC advances