Aquilaria malaccensis
Aquilaria malaccensis · Accepted scientific name
Scientific literature: Very Sparse (4 studies) · ★☆☆☆☆
Aquilaria malaccensis is a remarkable plant species valued for its diverse therapeutic potential derived from its leaves, roots, fruits, and stems. Scientific investigations have highlighted its significant medicinal activities, including cytotoxic, analgesic, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Through various preparations such as agarwood, root extracts, Kyung-Ok-Ko (KOK), and TA pharmacopuncture, its healing components are harnessed for clinical use. Specifically, the plant contains potent chemical compounds like Cucurbitacin E and Cucurbitacin I that target complex health conditions. These bioactive substances show promise in treating various ailments, ranging from asthma and Bacillus infections to breast cancer.
- Synonyms
- Aloexylum Agallochum · Aquilaria Ovata · 9 more
- Common names
- Not available
- Family
- Thymelaeaceae
- Distribution
- Not available
- Plant Parts
- Leaf · Root
Classification
Common Names
Aquilaria malaccensis is a highly prized botanical species known throughout the world by several distinct names. It is most frequently referred to by its common name, Agarwood, which reflects its valuable resinous properties. In different regions and contexts, this same plant is also recognized as Aloeswood or Eaglewood. Some traditional circles may even identify it by the specific name Depu. Regardless of which moniker is used, the Adlerholz remains a singular and significant treasure in the natural world.
Sources: Catalogue of Life (COL)
Synonyms
Aquilaria malaccensis is a species that has been identified through various botanical classifications over time. Throughout historical scientific records, it has been known by several synonyms, including Agallochum malaccense and Agallochum officinarum. Other taxonomic designations for this plant include Agallochum praestantissimum and Agallochum sylvestre. Furthermore, the species is also linked to the name Aloexylum agallochum in certain botanical contexts. Understanding these shifting nomenclature relationships is essential for accurate plant identification and research.
Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)
Taxonomy
Aquilaria malaccensis is a remarkable species belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Within this vast kingdom, it is classified under the class Equisetopsida. It specifically falls under the order Malvales, which helps define its unique botanical characteristics. The plant is further categorized into the genus Aquilaria, showcasing its distinct evolutionary lineage. Finally, it is a member of the Thymelaeaceae family, a group known for its diverse and interesting members.
| Rank | Classification |
|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Streptophyta |
| Class | Equisetopsida |
| Subclass | Magnoliidae |
| Order | Malvales |
| Family | Thymelaeaceae |
| Genus | Aquilaria |
Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)
Distribution
Geographic Regions
Aquilaria malaccensis is a notable species widely distributed across various tropical regions of Asia. Within the Indian Subcontinent, it can be found spanning from the landscapes of Assam and Bangladesh to the East Himalaya. Its presence also extends into the Indo-China region, specifically inhabiting parts of Myanmar and Thailand. This broad geographical range highlights the plant's ability to thrive in diverse tropical environments. Consequently, understanding these specific habitats is essential for studying the species' ecological significance.
Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)
Identification
Morphology
Aquilaria malaccensis is a self-supporting tree that serves as a prominent feature of its natural habitat. This species exhibits a versatile growth form, allowing it to establish a sturdy presence in the forest canopy. While its stature can vary, the plant typically reaches a maximum height of 20 meters. However, under optimal conditions, some specimens can grow even larger, reaching a maximum height of 36 meters.
Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)
Biological Activities
Aquilaria malaccensis is a medicinal plant recognized for its diverse and potent biological properties. Research indicates that the species possesses significant anticancer potential, particularly through the identification of specific bioactive constituents in its stem bark. Furthermore, the plant exhibits strong cytotoxic activity, which is essential for its role in combating various disease processes. Beyond its cellular impact, Aquilaria malaccensis is highly valued for its robust antioxidant capabilities. These protective effects are bolstered by its impressive free-radical scavenging properties, making it a significant subject in pharmacological studies.
Compounds
Aquilaria malaccensis is recognized for its complex chemical profile, which includes the presence of specific medicinal compounds. Research into the genus has highlighted that these trees contain cucurbitacin E, a secondary metabolite of significant interest. Additionally, the plant is known to contain cucurbitacin I, further expanding its potential pharmacological applications. These specific cucurbitacins are valued for their potential sedative and anti-cancer properties in human medicine. Understanding the biosynthetic pathways of these compounds remains a vital step in studying the medicinal value of agarwood species.
Conditions
Aquilaria malaccensis exhibits significant medicinal potential through its ability to treat various microbial and physiological conditions. The plant demonstrates effective antibacterial properties against Bacillus, including specific strains such as B. cereus and B. subtilis DSMZ 1971. Additionally, its extracts provide antimicrobial action against the fungus C. albicans DSMZ 1386. Beyond fighting pathogens, the plant also serves a protective role by treating CP induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. These combined activities highlight the diverse therapeutic capabilities of the species.
Preparations
Aquilaria malaccensis is prepared as agarwood, which contains secondary metabolites with significant medicinal value. This plant is also prepared as Kyung-Ok-Ko (KOK), a traditional herbal prescription used as an invigorant for age-related diseases. Furthermore, Aquilaria malaccensis is prepared as a root extract that has demonstrated potent cytotoxic, antioxidant, and apoptotic effects. It is also utilized in the preparation of TA pharmacopuncture, which has shown effectiveness in treating acute sprains. Finally, Aquilaria malaccensis is prepared as aqueous and ethanolic extracts that are screened for antitrypanosomal activity.
Parts used
Aquilaria malaccensis is a highly valued medicinal plant that offers a wide array of bioactive components throughout its various structures. Research indicates that the leaves of this species possess significant antimicrobial properties and can help protect against reproductive toxicity. The root is also a primary focus of study due to its potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities. Furthermore, the stem bark has been found to contain unique and novel cytotoxic compounds. Beyond these parts, the plant's fruits also contribute to its diverse medicinal and aromatic profile.