By Leen Randell
Updated: Oct 21, 2024
What to know about Apium graveolens before using it medicinally
Apium graveolens, commonly known as parsley, is a medicinal herb that has been traditionally used to help alleviate various health conditions, including respiratory issues, such as bronchitis and asthma, as well as digestive problems, like flatulence and indigestion.
The herb has been found to have several main health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Its therapeutic properties include its ability to reduce inflammation, improve digestion, and act as an expectorant, helping to relieve congestion and coughs. Apium graveolens contains a range of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, carotenoids, and terpenoids, which contribute to its medicinal properties.
The herb is often used to make herbal teas, infusions, and extracts, which are prepared by steeping the fresh or dried leaves and stems in hot water.
Featured Study:
According to a study published by "Avicenna journal of phytomedicine", Apium graveolens, a member of the Apiaceae family, has been used by the Iranian people for various purposes. The study highlights that Apium graveolens has been utilized for its medicinal properties, with its fruits, leaves, aerial parts, and gums being commonly used in different preparations such as decoctions, infusions, and poultices. By reviewing 52 publications, the study demonstrates the rich traditional knowledge of Apium graveolens in Iran, showcasing its potential for future investigations and utilization.
The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Apium graveolens, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.
ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Apium graveolens provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.
| Medicinal Aspect | Summary |
|---|---|
| Uses | Diarrhea, Inflammation, Nausea, Indigestion, Flatulence, Gastritis, Dyspepsia, Digestive issues, Rheumatism, Asthma |
| Benefits | Reduces inflammation, Combats free radicals, Improves digestion, Boosts immune system, Fights cancer cells, Soothes skin irritations, Lowers blood pressure, Regulates blood sugar, Eases menstrual cramps, Supports eye health |
| Properties | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Anticancer, Antihistamine, Diuretic, Expectorant |
| Constituents | Coumarins, Saponins, Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Apigenin, Phthalides, Lignans, Carotenoids, Luteolin, Terpenoids |
| Parts | Leaves, Roots, Flowers |
| Preparations | Tincture, Salve, Suppository, Tea, Decoction, Ointment |
| Side Effects | Allergic reactions occur, Digestive issues arise, Abnormal uterine bleeding happens, Pregnancy complications develop, Breast tenderness is experienced, Hormonal imbalances occur, Kidney problems begin, Liver damage is caused, Respiratory issues arise, Seizures occur |
| Precaution | Consult a healthcare professional before use, Use in moderation due to potential toxicity, Avoid use in pregnancy and breastfeeding, Monitor blood sugar levels, Be cautious with blood thinning medications, Avoid use with liver or kidney disease, Watch for allergic reactions, Use in conjunction with other medications under close supervision, Monitor blood pressure, Avoid prolonged use without medical supervision |
BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Apium graveolens. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.
- What are the main medicinal uses of Apium graveolens?
- Modern Western Medicine
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Ayurvedic Medicine
- Unani Medicine
- Homeopathic Medicine
- What are the primary health benefits of Apium graveolens?
- Circulatory System
- Digestive System
- Endocrine System
- Integumentary System
- Lymphatic System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Nervous System
- Reproductive System
- Respiratory System
- Urinary System
- What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Apium graveolens?
- What are the major healing constituents of Apium graveolens?
- What are the most used parts of Apium graveolens in medicine?
- What are the most common medicinal preparations of Apium graveolens?
- What are the possible side effects of Apium graveolens if used improperly?
- What are the precautions to take before using Apium graveolens medicinally?
- Related herbs to Apium graveolens?
What are the main medicinal uses of Apium graveolens?
The main medicinal uses of Apium graveolens are for digestive issues, where the sesquiterpene lactone and apiol constituents alleviate symptoms by inhibiting the growth of pathogens and reducing inflammation, thereby preventing diarrhea and flatulence, and relieving indigestion and nausea.
The essential oil and flavonoids in Apium graveolens have anti-inflammatory properties that help to reduce fever. Apium graveolens is also used to treat dyspepsia by relaxing the smooth muscle in the digestive tract and reducing gastric acid production. Additionally, its constituents, including apiol and sesquiterpene lactones, have been shown to alleviate menstrual cramps by relaxing the uterine muscles and reducing prostaglandin production.
Furthermore, Apium graveolens has been used to treat gastritis, rheumatism, and other conditions due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which are attributed to the presence of flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones.
The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Apium graveolens.
The list below provide more details on why Apium graveolens is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.
- Diarrhea: This plant's essential oil has been traditionally used to treat diarrhea due to its carminative properties, which help to reduce intestinal spasms and alleviate symptoms.
- Inflammation: The plant's seeds have been used to treat inflammation due to their high content of fatty acids, particularly oleic and linoleic acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties.
- Nausea: The plant's essential oil has been used to treat nausea due to its calming effects on the digestive system and its ability to reduce vomiting.
- Indigestion: The plant's seeds and essential oil have been used to treat indigestion due to their carminative and antispasmodic properties, which help to reduce intestinal spasms and alleviate symptoms.
- Flatulence: The plant's essential oil has been used to treat flatulence due to its carminative properties, which help to reduce gas and alleviate symptoms.
- Gastritis: The plant's essential oil has been used to treat gastritis due to its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties, which help to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms in the stomach.
- Dyspepsia: The plant's essential oil has been used to treat dyspepsia due to its carminative and antispasmodic properties, which help to reduce intestinal spasms and alleviate symptoms.
- Digestive Issues: The plant's essential oil and seeds have been used to treat digestive issues due to their carminative, antispasmodic, and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce intestinal spasms, alleviate symptoms, and promote digestive health.
- Rheumatism: The plant's essential oil has been used to treat rheumatism due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms in the joints and muscles.
- Asthma: The plant's essential oil has been used to treat asthma due to its expectorant properties, which help to loosen and clear mucus from the airways, making it easier to breathe.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Apium graveolens, in each of the major medicinal systems.
| Medicinal System | Conditions Treated |
|---|---|
| Modern Western Medicine | Inflammation, Digestive Issues, Arthritis, Menstrual Cramps, Gastritis, Flatulence, Indigestion, Diarrhea, Nausea, Diabetes, Rheumatism, Eczema, Anxiety, Bloating, Asthma, Gastroenteritis, Dyspepsia, Insect Bites, Cancer, Osteoarthritis |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | Diarrhea, Nausea, Indigestion, Inflammation, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Fever, Cough, Menstrual Cramps, Vomiting, Rheumatism, Colic, Abdominal Pain, Asthma, Constipation, Arthritis, Hiccups, Sore Throat, Jaundice, Eczema |
| Ayurvedic Medicine | Diarrhea, Indigestion, Inflammation, Gastritis, Rheumatism, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Nausea, Digestive Issues, Urinary Tract Infections, Fever, Constipation, Vomiting, Hiccups, Gastroenteritis, Asthma, Menstrual Cramps, Colic, Eczema, Kidney Stones |
| Unani Medicine | Diarrhea, Flatulence, Indigestion, Gastritis, Inflammation, Eczema, Asthma, Dyspepsia, Fever, Nausea, Vomiting, Hemorrhoids, Rheumatism, Hiccups, Cough, Digestive Issues, Arthritis, Ulcers, Skin Irritation, Jaundice |
| Homeopathic Medicine | Inflammation, Diarrhea, Nausea, Digestive Issues, Menstrual Cramps, Arthritis, Gastritis, Flatulence, Gastroenteritis, Asthma, Rheumatism, Colic, Migraine, Fever, Eczema, Indigestion, Constipation, Respiratory Problems, Cough, Gout |
Modern Western Medicine
In modern western medicine, Apium graveolens is used to alleviate inflammation by reducing prostaglandins and inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes.
The seeds of the plant are also used to treat digestive issues, such as gastritis, caused by its antibacterial properties. Additionally, Apium graveolens has been found to be effective in reducing arthritis symptoms through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Its essential oils have been used to ease menstrual cramps and alleviate conditions like indigestion, diarrhea, nausea, and bloating, which are often associated with flatulence.
Furthermore, Apium graveolens has been studied for its potential in managing diabetes, rheumatism, eczema, anxiety, asthma, gastroenteritis, dyspepsia, insect bites, and even cancer, as well as osteoarthritis, though more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness in these areas.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
In traditional Chinese medicine, Apium graveolens is used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea, nausea, and indigestion by regulating the balance of stomach 'qi' and eliminating excess heat.
The plant's cooling properties also help alleviate inflammation, dyspepsia, and flatulence. Additionally, Apium graveolens is used to treat fever, cough, menstrual cramps, and vomiting by clearing 'heat' and promoting 'yin' energy. Its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties make it effective in treating rheumatism, colic, and abdominal pain.
Furthermore, Apium graveolens is also used to treat asthma, constipation, arthritis, hiccups, sore throat, jaundice, and eczema by balancing the body's energy and eliminating excess 'dampness'.
Ayurvedic Medicine
In ayurvedic medicine, Apium graveolens is used to alleviate diarrhea and indigestion through its carminative and anti-inflammatory properties.
The plant's antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects also make it effective in reducing inflammation and relieving the symptoms of gastritis and rheumatism. Apium graveolens is also used to treat dyspepsia and flatulence, while its anti-emetic properties help to alleviate nausea and vomiting. Furthermore, it is used to address digestive issues such as colic and eczema, as well as urinary tract infections and fever, while also providing relief from constipation and hiccups.
Additionally, Apium graveolens is used to treat gastroenteritis, asthma, menstrual cramps, and kidney stones, showcasing its broad range of applications in traditional medicine.
Unani Medicine
In unani medicine, Apium graveolens is used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea, flatulence, indigestion, gastritis, and inflammation of the digestive system, which can lead to digestive issues and ulcers.
The plant's anti-inflammatory properties also make it effective in treating conditions such as eczema, asthma, and rheumatism, while its carminative properties help to relieve hiccups and cough. Additionally, Apium graveolens is used to alleviate symptoms of dyspepsia, fever, nausea, and vomiting, as well as to treat hemorrhoids and skin irritation. Furthermore, its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties make it useful in treating jaundice and arthritis.
Apium graveolens is also used to alleviate symptoms of cough and ulcers, and to treat digestive issues.
Homeopathic Medicine
In homeopathic medicine, Apium graveolens is used to treat inflammation, particularly in the digestive tract, by reducing swelling and pain.
Its antispasmodic properties also help alleviate nausea, digestive issues, and menstrual cramps. Furthermore, Apium graveolens has anti-inflammatory and antacid properties, making it effective in treating conditions such as gastritis and flatulence, while also providing relief from gastroenteritis and colic. Additionally, its expectorant properties make it useful in treating respiratory problems, including cough and asthma, as well as conditions like arthritis, rheumatism, and gout.
Apium graveolens is also used to treat various other conditions, including eczema, indigestion, constipation, migraine, fever, and cough, with its antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties providing relief from these ailments.
What are the primary health benefits of Apium graveolens?
Apium graveolens reduces inflammation by containing flavonoids and phenolic acids, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes, thus alleviating symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.
Apium graveolens combats free radicals through its high content of antioxidants, including vitamin C and beta-carotene, which neutralize reactive oxygen species and protect cells from oxidative damage. Apium graveolens improves digestion by stimulating the secretion of digestive enzymes and bile, enhancing nutrient absorption and relieving symptoms of indigestion and constipation. The plant's antiviral and antimicrobial properties boost its immune system by inhibiting the replication of pathogens and promoting the production of white blood cells, thus increasing resistance to infections.
Apium graveolens fights cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the growth of cancerous cells through its high content of sesquiterpene lactones and other bioactive compounds.
The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Apium graveolens.
The list below provides more details on why Apium graveolens offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.
- Reduces Inflammation: This plant has anti-inflammatory properties due to the presence of certain compounds such as falcarinol and falcarinol, which have been shown to reduce inflammation and alleviate pain in various parts of the body.
- Combats Free Radicals: The antioxidants present in this plant, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, help to neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage, thereby promoting overall health and well-being.
- Improves Digestion: The volatile oils and other compounds in this plant have been found to have a positive effect on digestion, reducing symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders.
- Boosts Immune System: This plant has immunomodulatory properties, meaning it can help regulate and support the immune system, increasing its ability to fight off infections and diseases.
- Fights Cancer Cells: Research has shown that certain compounds in this plant have anti-cancer properties, inhibiting the growth and spread of cancer cells and inducing apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
- Soothes Skin Irritations: The anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties of this plant make it effective in soothing and calming irritated skin, reducing redness and promoting wound healing.
- Lowers Blood Pressure: The potassium content in this plant helps to lower blood pressure by counteracting the effects of sodium and promoting healthy blood vessel function.
- Regulates Blood Sugar: This plant has been found to have a regulatory effect on blood sugar levels, reducing insulin resistance and improving glucose metabolism.
- Eases Menstrual Cramps: The antispasmodic properties of this plant help to relax the uterine muscles and reduce menstrual cramps, making it a popular natural remedy for menstrual discomfort.
- Supports Eye Health: The antioxidants and other compounds in this plant have been shown to have a protective effect on the eyes, reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration and other eye disorders.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Apium graveolens for each of the major body system.
| Body System | Health Benefits |
|---|---|
| Circulatory System | Improves Blood Flow, Reduces Blood Pressure, Enhances Vasodilation, Boosts Cardiac Output, Regulates Heart Rate, Promotes Anti-Inflammation, Increases Red Blood Cells, Supports Blood Clotting, Improves Circulatory Function, Prevents Blood Stagnation |
| Digestive System | Relieves Irritation, Reduces Inflammation, Soothes Digestion, Improves Absorption, Enhances Motility, Reduces Bloating, Lessens Pain, Treats Diarrhea, Alleviates Constipation, Supports Gut Health |
| Endocrine System | Regulates Hormonal Balance, Boosts Thyroid Function, Enhances Insulin Sensitivity, Supports Adrenal Gland Health, Reduces Cortisol Levels, Improves Ovarian Function, Stabilizes Blood Sugar Levels, Increases Metabolism Rate, Protects Pancreatic Tissue, Maintains Testosterone Levels |
| Integumentary System | Protect Skin Cells, Reduce Skin Inflammation, Prevent Cell Aging, Ease Skin Irritation, Stabilize Skin Ph, Heal Skin Wounds, Soften Skin Tissues, Strengthen Skin Barriers, Minimize Skin Scars, Relieve Skin Itching |
| Lymphatic System | Boosts Lymph Flow, Enhances Detoxification Process, Supports Immune System, Reduces Swelling Tissues, Increases Antibody Production, Regulates Cell Growth, Stimulates White Blood Cells, Removes Toxins Faster, Protects Against Infections, Improves Circulation Speed |
| Musculoskeletal System | Reduces Joint Inflammation, Relieves Muscle Spasms, Protects Bone Density, Improves Joint Mobility, Reduces Muscle Fatigue, Lowers Arthritis Risk, Eases Muscle Cramping, Enhances Tendon Health, Reduces Scar Tissue, Supports Muscle Recovery |
| Nervous System | Calms Nervous System, Reduces Anxiety Levels, Relaxes Muscles Tension, Improves Sleep Quality, Stabilizes Mood Swings, Enhances Cognitive Function, Reduces Stress Hormones, Improves Memory Recall, Reduces Inflammation Response, Regulates Neurotransmitters |
| Reproductive System | Stimulate Ovulation, Balance Hormones, Prevent Miscarriage, Enhance Fertility, Regulate Menstruation, Boost Libido, Reduce Inflammation, Improve Pregnancy, Enhance Uterine Health, Regulate Menstrual Cycle |
| Respiratory System | Reduces Inflammation, Eases Congestion, Fights Infections, Relaxes Airways, Soothes Irritation, Cleans Lungs, Improves Breathing, Calms Coughs, Opens Passages, Stimulates Expectoration |
| Urinary System | Alleviates Bladder Inflammation, Prevents Kidney Stones Formation, Reduces Urinary Tract Infections, Relaxes Bladder Muscles, Eliminates Bacterial Growth, Relieves Urinary Retention, Reduces Urine Frequency, Protects Kidney Function, Treats Prostatitis, Cures Enuresis |
Circulatory System
Apium graveolens improves blood flow due to its vasodilatory properties, which relax the smooth muscle cells in blood vessels, allowing for increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues.
This plant reduces blood pressure through its diuretic properties, promoting the excretion of excess fluid and electrolytes, thus lowering blood pressure and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, Apium graveolens enhances vasodilation by increasing the production of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels and improves circulation. By regulating heart rate and cardiac output, this plant boosts the efficiency of the heart, allowing it to pump more blood with each beat, while also promoting anti-inflammation through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system.
Apium graveolens increases red blood cells and supports blood clotting through its ability to stimulate the production of erythropoietin and activate platelets, while also improving circulatory function and preventing blood stagnation through its ability to break down blood clots and promote the circulation of blood.
The medicinal benefits of Apium graveolens on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Varicose veins
- Hypotension
- Cardiovascular disease
- Edema
- Arteriosclerosis
Digestive System
Apium graveolens relieves irritation in the digestive system by reducing inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which soothe digestion and improve absorption of essential nutrients.
Its antimicrobial properties also enhance motility by promoting the movement of food through the digestive tract, reducing bloating caused by the accumulation of gas. Apium graveolens lessens pain associated with digestive issues, such as cramps or spasms, by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties treat diarrhea by restoring the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body and alleviate constipation by regulating bowel movements and preventing the hardening of stool.
Additionally, the plant supports gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms and protecting the integrity of the gut lining against damage from pathogens and toxins.
The medicinal benefits of Apium graveolens on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Indigestion
- Gastroenteritis
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Flatulence
Endocrine System
Apium graveolens regulates hormonal balance by its phytoestrogenic activity, which modulates the endocrine system's response to estrogen.
Apium graveolens boosts thyroid function due to its goitrogenic compounds that stimulate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production, increasing thyroid hormone secretion. The plant enhances insulin sensitivity by its flavonoid and phenolic acid content, which improves glucose uptake in cells and reduces insulin resistance. Apium graveolens supports adrenal gland health with its adaptogenic properties, allowing the adrenal glands to adapt to stress without overproducing cortisol.
Additionally, Apium graveolens reduces cortisol levels by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, protecting against chronic stress-related disorders and improving ovarian function, while also stabilizing blood sugar levels and increasing metabolism rate due to its thermogenic activity, which protects pancreatic tissue by reducing oxidative stress and maintains testosterone levels by its androgenic activity.
The medicinal benefits of Apium graveolens on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperglycemia
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Insulin resistance
Integumentary System
Apium graveolens protect skin cells from damage by exhibiting antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals.
Its anti-inflammatory properties reduce skin inflammation, alleviating conditions such as eczema and acne. Apium graveolens prevent cell aging by enhancing cellular regeneration and promoting collagen production, thereby maintaining skin elasticity. The antimicrobial properties of Apium graveolens ease skin irritation by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms that cause skin infections.
Apium graveolens stabilize skin pH, soften skin tissues, strengthen skin barriers, minimize skin scars, and relieve skin itching by exhibiting astringent and antipruritic properties that regulate skin moisture and reduce histamine release.
The medicinal benefits of Apium graveolens on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Acne
- Eczema
- Psoriasis
- Wound healing
- Inflammation
- Skin cancer
- Burns
- Soriasis
Lymphatic System
Apium graveolens boosts lymph flow by increasing the production of apiumoside, a compound with vasodilatory properties, which helps to dilate lymphatic vessels and enhance the removal of waste products.
This plant enhances detoxification process through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which protect the body from oxidative stress and inflammation caused by toxins. Apium graveolens supports immune system function by stimulating the production of antibodies and activating immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells. The plant reduces swelling in tissues due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines.
By regulating cell growth and stimulating white blood cells, Apium graveolens increases antibody production and removes toxins faster, improving circulation speed and protecting against infections.
The medicinal benefits of Apium graveolens on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Edema
- Lymphadenitis
- Swelling
- Varicose veins
- Lymphedema
- Inflammation
Musculoskeletal System
Apium graveolens reduces joint inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to the presence of sesquiterpenes and other compounds.
Relieving muscle spasms is another benefit of Apium graveolens, achieved through its antispasmodic properties, which help to relax muscle contractions. Protecting bone density is a crucial aspect of Apium graveolens' health benefits, facilitated by its antioxidant properties that prevent oxidative stress from damaging bone cells. Apium graveolens improves joint mobility by reducing stiffness and promoting healthy synovial fluid production, a process that is supported by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
By reducing muscle fatigue, easing muscle cramping, enhancing tendon health, reducing scar tissue, and supporting muscle recovery, Apium graveolens provides comprehensive musculoskeletal support, ultimately lowering arthritis risk and promoting overall musculoskeletal well-being.
The medicinal benefits of Apium graveolens on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Arthritis
- Tendinitis
- Inflammation
- Muscle spasm
- Sprains
- Bursitis
Nervous System
Apium graveolens calms nervous system by exerting sedative and anxiolytic properties, which are attributed to its sesquiterpenoid and flavonoid compounds.
These compounds reduce anxiety levels by inhibiting the activity of GABA receptors, thereby modulating the body's response to stress. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties also play a role in relaxing muscles tension by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Apium graveolens improves sleep quality by increasing the expression of sleep-promoting genes and regulating the body's circadian rhythms, which are influenced by its antioxidant properties.
Its neuroprotective effects stabilize mood swings, enhance cognitive function, reduce stress hormones, improve memory recall, reduce inflammation response, and regulate neurotransmitters, all of which are mediated by its flavonoid and sesquiterpenoid compounds.
The medicinal benefits of Apium graveolens on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Depression
- Stress
- Migraine
- Muscle tension
- Nervous fatigue
- Seizures
Reproductive System
Apium graveolens stimulate ovulation by its antioxidant properties, which protect the ovum from oxidative stress and promote healthy follicular development.
The anti-inflammatory properties of this plant balance hormones in the body by reducing inflammation in the endometrium, creating a favorable environment for implantation. The antimicrobial and antifungal properties of Apium graveolens prevent miscarriage by inhibiting the growth of pathogens that can cause infections. Apium graveolens enhance fertility by stimulating the production of hormones necessary for ovulation and fertilization.
The uterotonic properties of this plant regulate menstruation, boost libido, reduce inflammation, improve pregnancy, enhance uterine health, and regulate the menstrual cycle, creating a healthy reproductive environment.
The medicinal benefits of Apium graveolens on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Menorrhagia
- Endometriosis
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Infertility
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Ovarian cysts
- Dysmenorrhea
Respiratory System
Apium graveolens reduces inflammation in the respiratory tract due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which in turn eases congestion by thinning mucus.
Its antimicrobial properties fight infections by eliminating harmful bacteria, allowing relaxed airways to facilitate easier breathing. The antioxidant properties of Apium graveolens soothe irritation in the throat and lungs, while its expectorant properties cleanse lungs by loosening and removing mucus. Improved breathing is a result of its ability to open passages and stimulate expectoration, effectively calming coughs.
Apium graveolens's unique combination of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties also makes it effective in opening passages, allowing air to flow freely and improving the overall respiratory function.
The medicinal benefits of Apium graveolens on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
- Allergies
- Cough
- Tonsillitis
Urinary System
Apium graveolens alleviates bladder inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, reducing redness and swelling in the urinary system.
Preventing kidney stones formation is also achieved through its ability to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization, a major contributor to stone development. Apium graveolens reduces urinary tract infections by exhibiting antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Relaxing bladder muscles is facilitated by its antispasmodic properties, allowing for smooth muscle contraction and relaxation in the urinary tract.
Additionally, Apium graveolens protects kidney function by scavenging free radicals with its antioxidant properties, treats prostatitis by reducing inflammation in the prostate gland, cures enuresis by regulating bladder control, reduces urine frequency by regulating urine production, eliminates bacterial growth through its antimicrobial properties, and relieves urinary retention by relaxing bladder muscles.
The medicinal benefits of Apium graveolens on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Kidney stones
- Urinary tract infections
- Kidney disease
- Bladder inflammation
- Urinary incontinence
What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Apium graveolens?
The therapeutic properties of Apium graveolens are attributed to its antimicrobial activity, which is primarily due to the presence of volatile oils, particularly carvone and limonene, that inhibit the growth of various pathogens.
This plant also exhibits antioxidant properties, which are mainly attributed to flavonoids and phenolic acids, that help in scavenging free radicals and protecting the body from oxidative stress. The anti-inflammatory property of Apium graveolens is due to the bioactive compounds such as apigenin and luteolin, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation. Additionally, the analgesic property of this plant is attributed to the presence of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, which have pain-relieving effects.
Furthermore, Apium graveolens possesses antispasmodic, anticancer, antihistamine, diuretic, and expectorant properties, which are mainly attributed to the bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and volatile oils that have various physiological effects on the body.
The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Apium graveolens.
The list below provides more details on why Apium graveolens has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.
- Antimicrobial: Apium graveolens has been found to exhibit antimicrobial properties, primarily due to the presence of furanocoumarins, which have been shown to inhibit the growth of various bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
- Antioxidant: Apium graveolens has been reported to possess antioxidant properties, attributed to the presence of flavonoids, which have been shown to scavenge free radicals and protect against oxidative stress.
- Anti-Inflammatory: The plant has been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, primarily due to the presence of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds, which have been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.
- Analgesic: Apium graveolens has been traditionally used as an analgesic, and studies have shown that the plant's essential oil contains compounds that may contribute to its analgesic activity.
- Antispasmodic: The plant has been found to exhibit antispasmodic properties, primarily due to the presence of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds, which have been shown to relax smooth muscle and reduce spasms.
- Anticancer: Apium graveolens has been reported to exhibit anticancer properties, primarily due to the presence of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds, which have been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis.
- Antihistamine: The plant's essential oil has been reported to exhibit antihistamine properties, primarily due to the presence of compounds that may inhibit the release of histamine and reduce allergic responses.
- Diuretic: Apium graveolens has been traditionally used as a diuretic, and studies have shown that the plant's essential oil may increase urine production and improve fluid balance.
- Expectorant: The plant has been traditionally used as an expectorant, and studies have shown that the plant's essential oil may help to loosen and clear mucus from the respiratory tract.
What are the major healing constituents of Apium graveolens?
The healing constituents of Apium graveolens are a combination of bioactive compounds that contribute to its medicinal properties.
Coumarins present in Apium graveolens exhibit anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activities, while saponins possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, along with phenolic acids like ferulic acid, have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Apigenin, a flavonoid compound found in Apium graveolens, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, as well as potential antiviral and anticancer properties.
The presence of these bioactive compounds in Apium graveolens supports its traditional use in treating various health conditions, including inflammation, infection, and oxidative stress.
The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Apium graveolens.
The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Apium graveolens and why they are important for health.
- Coumarins: Coumarins are a group of aromatic compounds that have anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
- Saponins: Saponins are a type of bioactive compound found in Apium graveolens, characterized by their surface-active properties, hemolytic activity, and ability to form soap-like foams in water.
- Flavonoids: Flavonoids are bioflavonoids with antioxidant properties, including free radical scavenging and metal ion chelation, and have shown anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-cancer activities.
- Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids found in Apium graveolens have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
- Apigenin: Apigenin is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anxiolytic properties.
- Phthalides: Phthalides are sesquiterpenic lactones with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Lignans: Lignans are a type of polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic properties.
- Carotenoids: Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potentially antimicrobial properties.
- Luteolin: Luteolin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
- Terpenoids: Found in Apium graveolens, Terpenoids are antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Apium graveolens and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.
| Constituent | Concentration | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| Coumarins | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticoagulant, Anticancer, Cytotoxic |
| Saponins | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Hypoglycemic, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Cardioprotective, Neuroprotective |
| Flavonoids | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Analgesic, Pain relief, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-cancer, Anti-allergic |
| Phenolic acids | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Anticancer, Analgesic, Antidiabetic, Cardioprotective |
| Apigenin | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antihistamine, Anticancer, Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Sedative |
| Phthalides | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anti-ulcer, Hypocholesterolemic |
| Lignans | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Anticancer, Antipyretic, Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Hypotensive |
| Carotenoids | LOW | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Free radical scavenger, Antioxidant activity |
| Luteolin | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-cancer, Neuroprotective, Vasodilator, Antiallergic |
| Terpenoids | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antiviral, Pain relief, Analgesic, Antispasmodic |
What are the most used parts of Apium graveolens in medicine?
The most used parts of Apium graveolens for medicinal purposes are leaves, roots, and flowers.
The leaves contain flavonoids, volatile oils, and phenolic acids, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. The roots contain saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective properties. The flowers contain volatile oils, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which have been found to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties.
These bioactive compounds are responsible for the leaves, roots, and flowers' primary medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects.
The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Apium graveolens in medicine.
The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Apium graveolens in medicine and why.
- Leaves: The leaves of this plant are rich in sesquiterpenes, particularly carotol, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and the primary health benefits include relief from indigestion, reduced risk of kidney stones, and improved circulation.
- Roots: The roots of this plant contain apigenin, a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, and the primary health benefits include treatment of digestive issues, relief from menstrual cramps, and reduced risk of certain cancers.
- Flowers: The flowers of this plant are rich in volatile oils, particularly carvone, which exhibit antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties, and the primary health benefits include relief from respiratory issues, treatment of skin infections, and improved digestion.
The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Apium graveolens mentioned above.
| Part | Constituents |
|---|---|
| Leaves | Apigenin, Apin, Beta-sitosterol, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Isothiocyanates, Phenolic acids, Sesquiterpenes, Volatile oils |
| Roots | Phthalides, Coumarins, Saponins, Volatile oils |
| Flowers | Volatile oils, Flavonoids, Coumarins, Phthalides, Saponins, Apigenin, Apin, Apigenin-7-glucoside, Apigetrin, N-butylphthalide, Isobutylphthalide |
What are the most common medicinal preparations of Apium graveolens?
The most common herbal preparation of Apium graveolens for medicinal purposes are tinctures, which are used to treat digestive issues and act as a laxative.
Salves are prepared from the plant's leaves and seeds to treat skin irritations and wounds, providing anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. Suppositories are also derived from the plant and utilized to treat hemorrhoids and other rectal issues. Apium graveolens is often consumed as a tea to help reduce fever and alleviate respiratory problems, while decoctions are made from the plant's roots and used to treat urinary tract infections.
Additionally, the plant's leaves and seeds are used to create ointments that soothe and protect the skin from irritation and infection.
The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Apium graveolens.
The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Apium graveolens and what are their main uses.
- Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat digestive issues, respiratory problems, and as a diuretic, also used to reduce inflammation and as a natural remedy for menstrual cramps and skin irritations.
- Salve: Salve made from this plant is used topically to treat digestive issues, rheumatism, and skin irritations, as well as to reduce inflammation.
- Tea: Tea made from this plant is used for its antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties to treat menstrual cramps, bloating and kidney issues.
- Decoction: Decoction made from this plant is used to treat fever, rheumatism and skin conditions, particularly eczema and acne.
- Ointment: Ointment made from this plant is used to treat digestive problems, reduce inflammation and relieve pain associated with wounds, boils and abscesses.
The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Apium graveolens for each medicinal preparation.
| Preparation | Parts |
|---|---|
| Tincture | Roots, Leaves |
| Salve | Roots, Leaves |
| Tea | Roots, Leaves |
| Decoction | Roots, Leaves |
| Ointment | Roots, Leaves |
Tincture
Apium graveolens tincture is used to treat various conditions including premenstrual syndrome (PMS), anxiety, digestive issues, nausea, menstrual cramps, inflammation, respiratory issues and hiccups.
This preparation is widely used due to its effectiveness. One of the most common effects of Apium graveolens tincture is its ability to relax muscles and reduce spasms. The tincture is made from the roots and leaves of the plant, which are rich in bioactive compounds.
Preparing Apium graveolens tincture requires some knowledge of herbal medicine and is considered moderately difficult to make, involving a process of maceration and extraction of the active compounds from the plant material.
Below you find an image of Apium graveolens tincture.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Apium graveolens tincture.
- Gather fresh or dried roots and leaves of Apium graveolens, also known as celery seed or wild celery.
- Clean and dry the Apium graveolens roots and leaves to prevent contamination and spoilage.
- Combine the dried Apium graveolens roots and leaves in a clean glass jar, ensuring the ingredients are fully submerged in the solvent.
- Steep the Apium graveolens roots and leaves in a high-proof solvent, such as 80% ethanol or 95% vodka, for several weeks, shaking the jar regularly.
- Strain the liquid through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean glass bottle, discarding the solids and reserving the Apium graveolens tincture.
Salve
Apium graveolens salve is used to treat bruises, muscle strain, sprains, wound infection, minor cuts, skin rash, burns, cuts and scars.
It's commonly used due to its effectiveness in providing relief from pain and inflammation. One common effect of Apium graveolens salve is its ability to reduce inflammation and promote wound healing. This preparation is typically made from the roots and leaves of the Apium graveolens plant.
However, creating the salve is a complex process that requires careful harvesting and processing of the plant materials, which can be time-consuming and challenging to get right.
Below you find an image of Apium graveolens salve.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Apium graveolens salve.
- Gather fresh Apium graveolens roots and leaves for the herbal salve.
- Dry the gathered Apium graveolens roots and leaves in a warm, dark place.
- Infuse dried Apium graveolens roots and leaves in a carrier oil such as coconut or olive oil for several weeks.
- Strain the infused oil and discard the solids, then add a natural wax like beeswax to create a solid salve.
- Mix the infused oil and beeswax mixture until fully incorporated and pour into small containers to cool and solidify.
Tea
Apium graveolens tea is a herbal remedy used to treat various gastrointestinal issues, including gastroenteritis, diarrhea, indigestion, nausea, fever, cholera, gastritis, and colic.
This preparation is widely used, making it one of the most common herbal teas globally. Its efficacy in alleviating these conditions is well-documented, causing a significant decrease in symptoms such as abdominal pain and vomiting. It's made from the roots and leaves of the Apium graveolens plant, which are steeped in hot water to release their active compounds.
Preparing Apium graveolens tea is relatively simple, requiring minimal equipment and time, making it accessible to people worldwide.
Below you find an image of Apium graveolens tea.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Apium graveolens tea.
- Gather a sufficient amount of fresh Apium graveolens leaves and roots.
- Rinse the leaves and roots thoroughly with clean water to remove any dirt or debris.
- Combine the leaves and roots in a large pot and add a sufficient amount of water to cover the mixture.
- Bring the water to a boil and then reduce the heat to a simmer for 5-10 minutes.
- Strain the tea into a separate container and discard the solids, serving the herbal tea hot or cold as desired.
Decoction
Apium graveolens decoction is a herbal preparation used to treat digestive issues such as diarrhea, flatulence, and inflammation, as well as nausea and menstrual cramps.
It is a common remedy in traditional medicine, often used to alleviate symptoms of indigestion and gastrointestinal disorders. The decoction typically has a calming effect, reducing inflammation and soothing digestive discomfort. Apium graveolens decoction is made from the roots and leaves of the plant, which are combined and then simmered in water to release their medicinal properties.
The preparation is moderately difficult to make, requiring attention to the ratio of plant material to water and the duration of simmering to achieve the optimal potency.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Apium graveolens decoction.
- Harvest fresh and clean roots and leaves of Apium graveolens, also known as wild celery or celery seed parsley.
- Roughly chop the roots and leaves to release their active compounds.
- Combine the chopped roots and leaves in a saucepan with a sufficient amount of water to cover the ingredients.
- Bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce the heat to a simmer and let it cook for 10-15 minutes.
- Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a clean container, discarding the solids.
Ointment
Apium graveolens ointment is used to treat various health conditions, including muscle spasms, psoriasis, insect bites, eczema, bruises, sprains, stretch marks, wounds, skin irritations and fungal infections.
This preparation is commonly used due to its proven effectiveness in alleviating symptoms associated with these conditions. A common effect of Apium graveolens ointment is its ability to reduce inflammation and promote healing. The ointment is typically made from the roots and leaves of the plant, which contain bioactive compounds that possess medicinal properties.
However, the process of creating this ointment can be challenging due to the complexity of extracting and purifying the active compounds from the plant material.
Below you find an image of Apium graveolens ointment.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Apium graveolens ointment.
- Gather fresh Apium graveolens roots and leaves from a trusted source.
- Clean and dry the roots and leaves thoroughly to prevent contamination.
- Combine the dried roots and leaves in a mortar and grind them into a fine powder.
- Mix the powdered Apium graveolens with a carrier oil, such as olive or coconut oil, in a double boiler.
- Heat the mixture gently, stirring occasionally, until the Apium graveolens is fully incorporated into the carrier oil to create the herbal ointment.
What are the possible side effects of Apium graveolens if used improperly?
The possible side effects of improperly using Apium graveolens are allergic reactions occur, which may include symptoms such as hives, itching, and difficulty breathing, and can be life-threatening in severe cases.
Digestive issues arise, causing nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and may be exacerbated by pre-existing gastrointestinal conditions. Abnormal uterine bleeding happens, characterized by irregular and heavy menstrual bleeding, and may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition. Pregnancy complications develop, including miscarriage, premature birth, and fetal distress, and are often caused by exposure to the plant's toxic compounds.
If improperly used, Apium graveolens may also cause breast tenderness, hormonal imbalances, kidney problems, liver damage, respiratory issues, and seizures, among other serious side effects.
The most common side effects Apium graveolens gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Allergic Reactions Occur: Contact dermatitis, urticaria, and respiratory symptoms are symptoms of allergic reactions to Apium graveolens.
- Digestive Issues Arise: Consuming Apium graveolens causes gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea due to its volatile compounds and fiber content.
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Happens: Excessive and irregular menstrual flow occurs due to Apium graveolens consumption.
- Pregnancy Complications Develop: Apium graveolens consumption during pregnancy may increase the risk of uterine contractions leading to preterm labor.
- Breast Tenderness Is Experienced: Hormonal changes associated with Apium graveolens consumption cause breast swelling and tenderness.
- Hormonal Imbalances Occur: Apium graveolens consumption leads to estrogenic activity, causing hormonal imbalances due to the presence of coumarins and furanocoumarins.
- Kidney Problems Begin: Apium graveolens contains furanocoumarins and sesquiterpenes which can cause nephrotoxicity leading to kidney damage and impaired kidney function.
- Liver Damage Is Caused: Apium graveolens essential oil hepatotoxicity leads to liver damage
- Respiratory Issues Arise: Prolonged inhalation of volatile oils from Apium graveolens causes irritation of the respiratory tract.
- Seizures Occur: High doses of Apium graveolens cause convulsions due to its neurotoxic alkaloid compounds
What are the precautions to take before using Apium graveolens medicinally?
The precautions to take before using Apium graveolens medicinally are consulting a healthcare professional before use to ensure safe and effective treatment.
Use in moderation is recommended due to its potential toxicity, as excessive consumption can lead to adverse effects. Additionally, pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid use altogether, as the plant's safety profile during these periods is not well established. Furthermore, individuals with liver or kidney disease should be cautious, as Apium graveolens may exacerbate underlying conditions, and those on blood thinning medications should be monitored closely due to its potential interaction.
Finally, prolonged use without medical supervision and monitoring of blood sugar and pressure levels are also essential to avoid any complications.
The most important precautions you must take before using Apium graveolens for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Consult A Healthcare Professional Before Use: Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare professional before using Apium graveolens.
- Use In Moderation Due To Potential Toxicity: Fennel contains toxic compounds that can cause harm in excessive consumption.
- Avoid Use In Pregnancy And Breastfeeding: Apium graveolens should not be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women due to potential toxicity and lack of safety data.
- Monitor Blood Sugar Levels: Apium graveolens may lower blood sugar levels, requiring patients with diabetes to monitor their glucose levels closely under medical supervision.
- Be Cautious With Blood Thinning Medications: Apium graveolens interacts with blood thinning medications, increasing risk of bleeding.
- Avoid Use With Liver Or Kidney Disease: Apium graveolens may exacerbate liver or kidney disease due to its toxic compounds, particularly furanocoumarins and sesquiterpenes, which can cause liver damage and kidney injury.
- Watch For Allergic Reactions: Apium graveolens contains allergenic compounds, such as sesquiterpenes and furanocoumarins, which can trigger skin irritation and respiratory issues in sensitive individuals.
- Use In Conjunction With Other Medications Under Close Supervision: Apium graveolens should be used with caution when taken with other medications to avoid interactions and adverse effects.
- Monitor Blood Pressure: High blood pressure exacerbates conditions caused by Apium graveolens, such as hypertension and hypokalemia.
- Avoid Prolonged Use Without Medical Supervision: Prolonged use of Apium graveolens can cause an imbalance of certain electrolytes and minerals, leading to serious health complications if left untreated.
