wild celery

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• celery
• wild celery

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Apium graveolens var. laeve
• Apium graveolens var. humile
• Sium graveolens
• Seseli graveolens
• Apium graveolens subsp. butronense
• Celeri graveolens
• Carum graveolens
• Helosciadium graveolens
• Apium graveolens var. rapaceum
• Apium graveolens f. rapaceum
• Apium graveolens subsp. rapaceum
• Apium graveolens subsp. dulce
• Apium graveolens convar. dulce
• Apium graveolens var. vulgare
• Apium graveolens var. variegatum
• Apium graveolens var. latifolium
• Apium palustre
• Apium integrilobum
• Apium maritimum
• Apium rapaceum
• Sison ruta
• Smyrnium laterale
• Sium apium
• Helosciadium ruta
• Apium decumbens
• Helosciadium rutaceum
• Apium dulce
• Apium celleri
• Apium graveolens var. tuberosum
• Apium australe var. latisectum
• Apium graveolens var. silvestre
• Apium graveolens var. bashmense
• Apium graveolens var. album
• Apium graveolens var. juglandinum
• Apium graveolens var. butronense
• Apium graveolens var. violaceum
• Apium graveolens var. aromaticum
• Apium graveolens var. secalinum
• Apium graveolens convar. rapaceum
• Apium graveolens var. lusitanicum
• Apium graveolens var. erfurtense
• Apium graveolens subsp. rapaceum
• Apium graveolens var. praecox
• Apium graveolens f. lusitanicum
• Apium graveolens var. maritimum
• Apium graveolens var. crispum
• Apium graveolens var. venosum
• Apium graveolens var. rubrum
• Apium graveolens var. dulce
• Apium lusitanicum

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified within the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. Following its placement in the subclass Magnoliidae and the order Apiales, it is further categorized under the family Apiaceae. Ultimately, it is identified by the genus Apium as Apium graveolens.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant, known as Apium graveolens, exhibits a specific distribution across several regions in Northern Europe. It can be found growing naturally within the coastal areas of Denmark. The species is also documented in the northern territories of Finland. Furthermore, its presence extends to the islands of Great Britain and Ireland. Finally, the plant is also distributed throughout the landscapes of Norway.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Apium graveolens is characterized by its adaptability to diverse landscapes, spanning a broad vertical gradient from sea level up to an elevation of 3000 m AMSL. This wide elevational range allows the species to occupy various altitudinal niches, though its specific habitat requirements are often centered around moist, nutrient-rich environments. While the precise classification of its primary habitat is documented with variable data, it is typically found in riparian zones, marshes, or damp meadows where soil moisture is consistently high. The plant thrives in these semi-aquatic or wetland-adjacent ecosystems, utilizing the availability of water and alluvial soils to support its growth across its extensive altitudinal distribution.

Elevational range max:

3000 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

0 m AMSL

Habitat :

?

Life history

The life history of Apium graveolens is characterized by a biennial lifecycle, typically completing its developmental stages over a two-year period. As a plant that undergoes seasonal changes, it is classified as deciduous, shedding its foliage as it transitions through its growth stages. In terms of its botanical structure and survival strategy, it exhibits characteristics of both a hemicryptophyte and a therophyte, utilizing these life forms to navigate its specific environmental niches and reproductive cycles.

Deciduousness :

deciduous

Life form :

hemicryptophyte

Life form :

therophyte

Lifecycle :

biennial

Morphology

The morphology of Apium graveolens is characterized by its growth form as a non-woody herb and specifically a forb. The plant is a self-supporting organism, exhibiting an erect shoot orientation and functioning as an independent species rather than a parasite or epiphyte, as it is strictly terrestrial in its habitat. In terms of stature, it is a relatively small plant with a height that typically ranges from a minimum of 0.3 m to a maximum of 1.3 m, maintaining a mean plant height of approximately 0.5665 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Growth form :

forb

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

1.3 m

Plant height mean:

0.5665 m

Plant height min:

0.3 m

Shoot orientation :

erect

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Apium graveolens is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, a common metabolic strategy for temperate herbaceous plants that allows for carbon fixation under standard environmental conditions. The plant exhibits a non-carnivorous nutritional strategy, relying on traditional root and leaf absorption for nutrient uptake. Its leaf morphology is defined by a pinnate form, with individual leaf lengths ranging from a minimum of 1 cm to a maximum of 5 cm. The foliage displays a mean leaf size of 64.32 cm², supporting a mean Specific Leaf Area (SLA) of 182 cm²/g, which reflects the structural density and resource allocation efficiency of its photosynthetic tissues.

Carnivory :

non-carnivorous

Leaf form :

pinnate

Leaf length max:

5 cm

Leaf length min:

1 cm

Leaf size mean:

64.32 cm²

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Specific Leaf Area (SLA) mean:

182 cm²/g

Reproduction

The reproduction of Apium graveolens is primarily sexual, characterized by bisexual flowers that allow for self-fertilization. The plant follows a monocarpic life cycle, meaning it flowers once before completing its life cycle. The flowering process occurs in an umbel inflorescence consisting of small white flowers, with individual flowers measuring a maximum of 0.05 cm in length. The flowering period typically begins in July and concludes in September. Pollination is driven by biotic syndromes, specifically involving insects such as flies. Following pollination, the plant produces fruits that generally range from 0.15 cm to 0.2 cm in both length and width, with a mean dimension of 0.175 cm for both parameters. Each fruit contains a substantial number of seeds, typically ranging between 101 and 1000 seeds per fruit. The seeds themselves are uniform in length, measuring approximately 1.5 mm, and possess a mean mass of 0.000409296333333333 g, with individual seed masses ranging from a minimum of 3.2e-05 g to a maximum of 0.00067 g. Dispersal of these seeds is achieved through a hydrochorous syndrome, utilizing water to spread the progeny. No asexual reproduction methods were observed for this species.

Dispersal syndrome :

hydrochorous

Flower colour :

white

Flower length max:

0.05 cm

Flowering time :

Jul

Flowering time :

Sep

Fruit length max:

0.2 cm

Fruit length mean:

0.175 cm

Fruit length min:

0.15 cm

Fruit width max:

0.2 cm

Fruit width mean:

0.175 cm

Fruit width min:

0.15 cm

Inflorescence :

umbel

Monocarpy :

monocarp

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

fly

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Reproduction asexual :

absent

Reproduction sexual :

bisexual

Seed length mean:

1.5 mm

Seed mass max:

0.00067 g

Seed mass mean:

0.000409296333333333 g

Seed mass min:

3.2e-05 g

Seeds_per_fruit :

101-1000

Self fertilization :

present

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Apium graveolens has 3 reported plant parts identified across 9 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf, seed, root.

Leaf

1. Jundishapur journal of natural pharmaceutical products
2. Journal of plant research
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology
4. Cureus
5. Scientific reports

Seed

1. Journal of plant research
2. Inflammopharmacology
3. Pharmacognosy magazine

Root

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Chemicals

Apium graveolens has 406 reported phytochemicals identified across 9 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include apigenin, luteolin, Flavonoids, LIMONENE, Coumarins.

apigenin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Food science & nutrition
3. Jundishapur journal of natural pharmaceutical products
4. Scientific reports
5. Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University

luteolin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry
3. Jundishapur journal of natural pharmaceutical products
4. Food & function
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Flavonoids

1. Dr. Duke
2. Nutrition and cancer
3. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Scientific reports

LIMONENE

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceutisch weekblad. Scientific edition
3. Scientific reports
4. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition

Coumarins

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Sedanolide

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition

3-n-butyl phthalide

1. Dr. Duke
2. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition

ALPHA-PINENE

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceutisch weekblad. Scientific edition

Ash

1. Dr. Duke
2. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

BETA-PINENE

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceutisch weekblad. Scientific edition

Activities

Apium graveolens has 894 reported activities identified across 9 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Hypoglycemic, Androgenic, Antidiabetic.

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Nutrition and cancer
3. Jundishapur journal of natural pharmaceutical products
4. Andrologia
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Critical reviews in biotechnology
3. Scientific reports

Hypoglycemic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Acta diabetologica
3. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition

Androgenic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Andrologia

Antidiabetic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Antihypertensive

1. Dr. Duke
2. International journal of molecular sciences

Antimicrobial

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Scientific reports

Antiproliferative

1. Dr. Duke
2. Foods (Basel, Switzerland)

Aphrodisiac

1. Dr. Duke
2. Andrologia

Cardioprotective

1. Dr. Duke
2. International journal of molecular sciences

Conditions

Apium graveolens has 36 reported investigations on conditions identified across 9 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, gout, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia.

Hypertension

1. Scientia pharmaceutica
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets
4. Natural products and bioprospecting
5. International journal of molecular sciences

Diabetes mellitus

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Phytotherapy research : PTR
3. Acta diabetologica

Gout

1. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics
2. Biomedical chromatography : BMC

Hyperlipidemia

1. Planta medica
2. Acta diabetologica

Hyperuricemia

1. Food & function
2. Preventive nutrition and food science

Alzheimer's disease

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Bacillus cereus

1. Scientific reports

Breast cancer

1. Foods (Basel, Switzerland)

Doxorubicin

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Escherichia coli

1. Cureus

Preparations

Apium graveolens has 13 reported preparations identified across 9 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include 80% ethanol extracts, Aqueous extracts, Leaf Extracts, celery extract, crude extracts.

80% ethanol extracts

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Aqueous extracts

1. Journal of the science of food and agriculture

Leaf extracts

1. Cureus

Celery extract

1. Scientia pharmaceutica

Crude extracts

1. Andrologia

Ethanol (etoh)

1. Pharmacognosy magazine

Ethanol extract of leaves

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Extracts

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Methanol and aqueous

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Pectinase-treated celery extract

1. Journal of food biochemistry