What to know about Anthemis cotula (mayweed) before using it medicinally

Anthemis cotula, commonly known as mayweed, is a herb renowned for its numerous health benefits, including its ability to soothe skin irritations, reduce inflammation, and alleviate stress.

As a hardy annual, it is easy to grow and can thrive in a variety of environments, making it a popular choice for gardeners. The botanical properties of Anthemis cotula are characterized by its small, white or yellow flowers and its pungent, bitter taste, which is due to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones.

With its long history of use dating back to ancient Greece, where it was employed for its medicinal and culinary properties, mayweed has been a staple in traditional herbalism for centuries.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Anthemis cotula.

What are the medicinal properties of Anthemis cotula?

Anthemis cotula helps with reducing inflammation, relieving headaches, and calming digestive issues. Its antispasmodic and analgesic properties make it useful for treating menstrual cramps, muscle spasms, and joint pain.

The medicinal properties of Anthemis cotula are attributed to its active constituents, including volatile oils, sesquiterpene lactones, and flavonoids, which have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antispasmodic activities.

The leaves, flowers, and stems of the mayweed plant are used for medicinal purposes, with the leaves being the most commonly used for infusions, teas, and topical applications.

When used improperly, mayweed can cause gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and interactions with certain medications, such as antacids and diuretics. Its volatile oils may also irritate skin and mucous membranes.

Precautions when using mayweed medicinally include pregnant or breastfeeding women avoiding its use, as well as individuals with allergies or sensitivities to plants in the Asteraceae family. Additionally, its use should be discontinued before surgery or with certain medications.

What are the horticulural aspects of Anthemis cotula?

Anthemis cotula grow best in well-drained soil and full sun, tolerating a wide range of pH levels from slightly acidic to alkaline. It thrives in areas with moderate temperatures between 15°C to 25°C, and average annual rainfall of 600-800 mm.

Planting tips for Anthemis cotula include direct sowing in late spring or early summer, when the soil has warmed up, and spacing seeds 15-20 cm apart. Sowing too close can lead to overcrowding and reduced flowering. Seedlings can also be started indoors 4-6 weeks prior to the last frost.

Harvesting mayweed flowers for medicinal or decorative purposes involves cutting the stems when the buds are still tight, to encourage regrowth and prevent seed production. Flowers can be picked in the morning, when they are at their peak and have the best color and fragrance. Regular harvesting will promote a longer blooming period.

Common pests affecting mayweed include aphids, caterpillars, and thrips, while diseases such as powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot can occur. To minimize the risk of infestation or infection, growers can adopt integrated pest management techniques, using physical barriers, biological controls, and cultural practices to maintain a balanced and healthy ecosystem.

What are the botanical aspects of Anthemis cotula?

Anthemis cotula is an annual herbaceous plant, characterized by its pinnate leaves, usually trifoliate, with leaflets ovate-lanceolate in shape, 2-6 cm long, and a daisy-like flower head with 10-20 white or pinkish flowers. The plant grows up to 30-60 cm in height.

Anthemis cotula is classified in the family Asteraceae, in the subfamily Anthemidinae, and is closely related to Anthemis arvensis. The genus Anthemis is further divided into several sections, with A. cotula placed in the section Anthemis sect. Cotulae. The species is also known as Anthemis cotula var. cotula.

Several variants of A. cotula have been described, including A. cotula var. glabrata, A. cotula var. inermis, and A. cotula var. villosa, which differ mainly in their leaf hairiness and inflorescence density. These variants are not widely recognized as separate species.

Anthemis cotula is native to the Mediterranean region and western Europe, but has been introduced and naturalized in other parts of the world, including North Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It grows in a variety of habitats, including fields, meadows, and along roadsides.

The life cycle of A. cotula begins in the spring, when seeds germinate in moist soil. The plants grow and flower from May to October, producing numerous seeds in the fall. The seeds are dispersed by wind and animals, allowing the plant to spread quickly. A. cotula typically completes its life cycle within 6-8 months.

What are the historical aspects of Anthemis cotula?

Anthemis cotula is a plant that has been used for various purposes throughout history. In ancient Greece, it was used as a treatment for fever and as a purgative. In medieval Europe, it was used in cooking and as a medicinal herb.

In ancient Greek mythology, Anthemis cotula was associated with the goddess Hestia, who was revered for her domestic and healing powers. The plant was also linked to the myth of the nymph Chloris, who was said to have been transformed into a flower. Chloris was associated with spring and fertility.

Anthemis cotula has been imbued with symbolic meanings across various cultures. In medieval Europe, it was seen as a symbol of poverty and humility. In ancient Greece, it was associated with the concept of "pharmakon," a substance that was both medicine and poison.

The historical texts of Anthemis cotula can be found in the works of ancient Greek physicians, such as Dioscorides and Hippocrates. Dioscorides' "De Materia Medica" describes the plant as a treatment for a range of ailments, while Hippocrates' "Airs, Waters, and Places" notes its use in cooking and medicine.

Historical artifacts featuring Anthemis cotula can be found in the form of ancient pottery and coins. For example, a Greek vase from the 4th century BCE features a scene depicting a woman gathering Anthemis cotula. Additionally, the coinage of ancient Athens featured images of the plant, highlighting its importance in the city's economy and culture.