What to know about Angelica sinensis (dong quai) before using it medicinally

Angelica sinensis, commonly known as dong quai, is a herb rich in health-promoting properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds, which have been shown to improve cardiovascular and digestive health, as well as boost the immune system.

This herb is cultivated in the mountainous regions of Asia and China, where it thrives in well-drained soil and cooler temperatures, making it a challenging crop to grow. Botanically, Angelica sinensis belongs to the Apiaceae family and is characterized by its umbrella-shaped leaves and purple flowers.

Historically, this herb has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, with references dating back to the Ming dynasty, where it was revered for its adaptogenic properties and ability to balance the body's energy.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Angelica sinensis.

What are the medicinal properties of Angelica sinensis?

Angelica sinensis helps with menstrual disorders, hot flashes, and other female reproductive issues. It is also used to treat digestive problems, such as indigestion and diarrhea. The plant has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to reduce fever and relieve pain.

The active constituents of Angelica sinensis that provide its medicinal properties include ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and ligustilide. These compounds have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to the plant's therapeutic benefits. The plant also contains volatile oils and flavonoids, which enhance its medicinal properties.

The root of the Angelica sinensis plant is the most commonly used part for medicinal purposes. The root is harvested in the fall, dried, and then processed into various forms, including capsules, tablets, and teas. The root's medicinal properties are retained in its dried form, making it a popular choice for herbal supplements.

Improper use of Angelica sinensis can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and interactions with blood thinners. Excessive consumption can lead to symptoms like dizziness, headaches, and stomach pain. Pregnant women should use the plant with caution, as its effects on the fetus are not well understood.

Common precautions when using Angelica sinensis medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional, especially for women with a history of bleeding disorders or those taking blood thinners. Additionally, pregnant women and individuals with allergies or sensitivities should exercise caution and use the plant under medical supervision.

What are the horticulural aspects of Angelica sinensis?

Angelica sinensis grow in a temperate climate with mild winters and cool, moist summers. It requires full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0. Average annual rainfall of 30-60 inches is also necessary.

Planting tips for Angelica sinensis include selecting a location with good air circulation to prevent root rot. Seeds are sown in spring or autumn, 1/4 inch deep and 12-18 inches apart. Transplant seedlings 18-24 inches apart when 6-8 inches tall. Mulch retains moisture and suppresses weeds.

Harvesting tips for Angelica sinensis involve cutting the leaves and stems in the third year after planting. Harvest in the morning when the plant is at its highest moisture content. Use a sharp knife to cut 2-3 inches above the soil level, leaving a small portion of stem intact. Harvest every 7-10 days to encourage new growth.

Pests and diseases common to Angelica sinensis include root rot caused by overwatering, aphids, spider mites, and powdery mildew. Root knot nematodes can also infest the roots, while fungal diseases such as botrytis and rust can infect the leaves and stems. Regular monitoring and Integrated Pest Management techniques can help mitigate these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Angelica sinensis?

Angelica sinensis is a perennial plant with a stout rhizome and erect stem, growing up to 1 meter tall, with umbels of small, yellowish-green flowers. The leaves are pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets.

The taxonomical classification of Angelica sinensis places it in the family Apiaceae, within the genus Angelica. It is further divided into sections, with the specific epithet "sinensis" indicating its origins in China. The plant's botanical name has undergone slight variations over time.

Variants of Angelica sinensis include Angelica acutiloba, A. anomala, and A. keiskei, which are also native to East Asia. These variants exhibit slight differences in morphology and chemical composition. However, their medicinal properties are generally comparable to A. sinensis.

Angelica sinensis is indigenous to the mountainous regions of northern China, including the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, and Yunnan. It is also cultivated in other parts of Asia, including Japan and Korea. Its growth is typically associated with high altitudes and cool climates.

The life cycle of Angelica sinensis begins with germination from seed in spring, followed by rapid growth and flowering in summer. The plant dies back to its rhizome during winter, and regenerates the following spring. It typically blooms for a few weeks in late summer, after which the seeds disperse.

What are the historical aspects of Angelica sinensis?

Angelica sinensis is a plant native to China and has been used in traditional medicine for over 2,000 years. It has been used to treat a variety of health issues, including menstrual disorders, anemia, and digestive problems.

In Chinese mythology, dong quai is associated with the legend of the Eight Immortals, a group of deities who were said to possess the power of eternal life. Dong quai was believed to possess similar powers and was often used in rituals to promote longevity.

In traditional Chinese culture, dong quai is a symbol of femininity, fertility, and abundance. It is often used in rituals to promote childbirth and fertility, and is also associated with the concept of yin energy.

The earliest recorded reference to dong quai is found in the "Shennong Bencao Jing", a Chinese medical text that dates back to around 200 AD. This text describes the plant's medicinal properties and provides instructions for its preparation and use.

Archaeological discoveries have uncovered ancient artifacts that demonstrate the significance of dong quai in ancient Chinese culture. For example, the tomb of the Han dynasty queen, Fu Hao, contains a collection of ceramic vessels that were used to store dong quai.