What to know about Angelica archangelica (angelica) before using it medicinally

Angelica archangelica, commonly known as angelica, is a herb that boasts a range of health benefits, including reducing inflammation and improving digestion, thereby alleviating symptoms of conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome.

As a versatile and hardy perennial, angelica is a popular choice for gardeners due to its ability to thrive in a variety of conditions and its ornamental value. From a botanical perspective, angelica belongs to the parsley family and is characterized by its umbels of small, white, or pale yellow flowers and its distinctive, fleshy stem.

In traditional medicine and folklore, angelica has been referenced in ancient texts, such as the Swedish herbalist Linnaeus' writings, and was even used by medieval physicians to treat a range of ailments.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Angelica archangelica.

What are the medicinal properties of Angelica archangelica?

Angelica archangelica helps with various health issues, including digestive problems, fever reduction, and respiratory issues. Its extracts have been used to treat sore throats, bronchitis, and asthma. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties.

The active constituents of angelica archangelica include volatile oils, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These compounds are responsible for its medicinal properties, including antimicrobial and antifungal activities. The plant's essential oil also contains compounds like angelic acid and isoangelic acid.

The parts of the plant used for medicinal purposes are the root, leaf, and stem. The root is the most commonly used part, containing high concentrations of bioactive compounds. The leaves and stems are also used, but to a lesser extent.

Using angelica archangelica improperly can cause side effects such as skin irritation, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications. Prolonged use of the plant can also lead to gastrointestinal issues, including nausea and diarrhea.

When using angelica archangelica medicinally, it is essential to follow proper guidelines and precautions. These include consulting a healthcare professional before use, especially if pregnant or breastfeeding. Additionally, monitor blood sugar levels and blood pressure, as the plant may interact with certain medications.

What are the horticulural aspects of Angelica archangelica?

Angelica archangelica grow in full sun to partial shade, preferring moist, rich soil with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. It thrives in areas with moderate temperatures between 15-20°C (59-68°F) and high humidity.

To plant angelica, choose a location with well-draining soil and space plants 1-2 feet apart. Plant seeds or divisions in spring or fall, about 1-2 inches deep. Water regularly, keeping the soil consistently moist during the first year. Fertilize lightly after the first growing season.

For optimal harvest, wait until the stems are 2-3 feet tall and the umbels are fully developed. Cut the stems near the base, leaving a few inches of stem attached to the crown. Harvest roots in fall, after the foliage has died back. Use scissors to trim the leaves to within an inch of the base of the stem.

Pests such as aphids, slugs, and snails can infest angelica. Fungal diseases like powdery mildew, root rot, and leaf spot can also affect the plant. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of pests or diseases and take action promptly to prevent further damage.

What are the botanical aspects of Angelica archangelica?

Angelica archangelica is a perennial plant belonging to the Apiaceae family. Its botanical characteristics include a stout, hollow stem that can grow up to 2 meters tall, with a smooth, slightly ridged surface. Leaves are 3-pinnate, 30-60 cm long, with a coarsely toothed margin.

Angelica archangelica is classified within the kingdom Plantae, class Magnoliopsida, order Apiales, family Apiaceae, genus Angelica, and species A. archangelica. Its taxonomy reflects its evolutionary relationships to other plants within the carrot and parsley family. It is one of the few species within the Angelica genus.

The plant has several variants, including Angelica sylvestris and Angelica archangelica var. arcuata. These variants exhibit subtle differences in morphology and distribution. Some sources consider them subspecies or cultivars, while others recognize them as separate species.

Angelica archangelica is native to Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. It has been naturalized in other parts of the world, including North America, where it is often found in moist, shady areas. Its geographical range extends from the Arctic to the Mediterranean regions.

The life cycle of Angelica archangelica involves a dormant period during winter, followed by germination in early spring. The plant grows rapidly during the summer, producing flowers and seeds in mid-to late summer. The seeds disperse in late summer and early fall, completing the life cycle before the plant goes dormant again.

What are the historical aspects of Angelica archangelica?

Angelica archangelica is a biennial herb native to Europe and Asia, used historically for medicinal purposes, including treating respiratory issues, digestive problems, and skin conditions. It was also used to flavor beverages and as a culinary ingredient. In traditional folk medicine, it was valued for its supposed anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties.

In ancient Greek and Roman mythologies, angelica was associated with the archangel Michael, who was said to have used the plant's fragrance to purify the air. In European folklore, it was believed to have magical powers, warding off evil spirits and bringing good fortune. In Scandinavian mythology, it was associated with the goddess Freyja, who was said to have worn angelica as a protective charm.

Throughout history, angelica has been imbued with symbolic meanings, including protection, purification, and good fortune. In medieval Europe, it was used as a symbol of spiritual growth and renewal. In alchemy, it was associated with the element of air and the concept of spiritual transformation. In various cultures, it was also used in rituals and ceremonies to promote fertility and prosperity.

Historical texts, such as the German medieval manuscript "Hortus Sanitatis" (Garden of Health) and the 16th-century English herbal "The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes" by John Gerard, describe angelica's medicinal and culinary uses. These texts also note its supposed virtues, including its ability to treat ailments such as fever, rheumatism, and scabies.

Archaeological finds, including ancient artifacts from the Viking Age and medieval Europe, feature depictions of angelica. In these artifacts, the plant is often associated with the goddess Freyja or the archangel Michael, reinforcing its mythological significance. Excavations at monastic sites have uncovered angelica seeds and other plant remains, demonstrating its cultivation and use in medieval agriculture and medicine.