What to know about Anagallis arvensis (scarce pimpernel) before using it medicinally

Anagallis arvensis, commonly known as scarce pimpernel, is a herb rich in antioxidants and flavonoids, which are known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, improving cardiovascular health and immune function.

As a low-maintenance ornamental, Anagallis arvensis is highly valued for its small blue flowers and ability to thrive in a range of soil conditions, making it a popular choice for gardeners and landscapers. From a botanical standpoint, Anagallis arvensis belongs to the Primulaceae family and is characterized by its distinctive blue-violet flowers and trifoliate leaves.

Historically, the herb has been mentioned in traditional folk medicine and was used by European herbalists for its supposed medicinal properties, although its effectiveness has not been extensively scientifically studied.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Anagallis arvensis .

What are the medicinal properties of Anagallis arvensis ?

Anagallis arvensis helps with various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions, such as eczema and acne. Its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties make it useful for wound healing and skin irritations. It is also used as an expectorant and diuretic.

The active constituents of Anagallis arvensis responsible for its medicinal properties are alkaloids, including scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and solanine. These compounds exhibit analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activities. The plant also contains flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, which contribute to its medicinal effects.

The aerial parts of the plant, particularly the leaves and flowers, are most used for medicinal purposes. The leaves are harvested in the summer months when the plant is in flower, and the flowers are collected separately. The plant material is dried to preserve its constituents and is then used in various preparations.

Improper use of Anagallis arvensis can lead to side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation. Prolonged use can also cause tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. In severe cases, the plant can cause delirium, hallucinations, and even coma.

Precautions when using Anagallis arvensis medicinally include avoiding its use during pregnancy and lactation. It is also contraindicated in patients with glaucoma, urinary retention, and gastrointestinal obstruction. Doses should be carefully monitored, especially in elderly or children, due to the plant's potential for toxicity.

What are the horticulural aspects of Anagallis arvensis ?

Anagallis arvensis grow best in moist to dry soils and full sun to partial shade, preferring slightly acidic to neutral pH (5.5-7.0). It tolerates a wide range of soil types, but performs poorly in wet or waterlogged conditions.

Planting scarce pimpernel requires care, as it is sensitive to disturbance. Sow seeds thinly in early spring or autumn, about 1-2 cm deep, in a well-draining seed mix. Keep the soil consistently moist during germination (10-14 days). Transplant seedlings carefully to avoid root disturbance.

Harvesting scarce pimpernel flowers involves pinching or cutting the stems when in bud to promote new growth and prevent self-seeding. For propagation, take cuttings of current year's growth in late spring or summer, or collect seeds in late autumn.

Common pests affecting scarce pimpernel include slugs, snails, and aphids. Fungal diseases like powdery mildew and leaf spot can also occur, often caused by overwatering or high humidity. Regular monitoring and control measures can help minimize damage.

What are the botanical aspects of Anagallis arvensis ?

Anagallis arvensis is a delicate, annual herb with slender stems, 10-30 cm long, bearing ovate, pointed leaves, 1-3 cm long, and small, white or pinkish flowers, 0.5-1 cm in diameter, in axillary clusters.

Anagallis arvensis belongs to the family Primulaceae, tribe Primuloideae, and is classified as genus Anagallis, section Anagallis. Its genus name comes from Greek "ana" (again) and "galis" (mallow), likely referring to its similarity to mallow-like plants. The species name arvensis is Latin for "of the fields".

Several variants of Anagallis arvensis are known, including A. arvensis subsp. arvensis, A. arvensis subsp. gracilis, and A. arvensis subsp. pyramidalis. These variants differ in leaf shape and flower color, but are still morphologically similar.

Anagallis arvensis has a wide geographical distribution, found in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It grows in moist, grassy places, particularly in fields, meadows, and along streams.

Anagallis arvensis is an annual, germinating in late winter or early spring. Its life cycle is about 4-6 months long, with flowers blooming from May to July. It produces small capsules containing seeds, which disperse in the wind or by water, allowing the plant to spread to new areas.

What are the historical aspects of Anagallis arvensis ?

Anagallis arvensis is a plant that has been used historically for medicinal purposes. In ancient Greece, it was used to treat fever and other illnesses, while in medieval Europe, it was used as a treatment for snakebite.

In Greek mythology, Anagallis arvensis is associated with the story of Ixion, who was punished for his crimes by being tied to a wheel that rotated eternally. The plant was said to have grown on the wheel, symbolizing its association with eternal torment. In Norse mythology, the plant is linked to the god of the underworld, Hel.

Historically, Anagallis arvensis has been associated with protection, courage, and fidelity. In medieval times, it was used in wedding ceremonies to symbolize eternal love, and in some cultures, it was believed to ward off evil spirits.

The earliest recorded mention of Anagallis arvensis is found in the writings of the Greek physician Dioscorides, who described its medicinal properties in the 1st century AD. The plant is also mentioned in the writings of the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder.

Excavations of ancient tombs in Europe have uncovered pottery and textiles featuring illustrations of Anagallis arvensis, suggesting its significance in ancient cultures. In some cases, the plant was even used as a motif in ancient jewelry and other decorative items.