What to know about Ammi visnaga (khella) before using it medicinally

Ammi visnaga, commonly known as khella, is a medicinal herb renowned for its exceptional health-promoting properties, which have been extensively documented to alleviate symptoms associated with heart palpitations, bronchitis, and respiratory disorders.

As a hardy, fast-growing perennial plant, Ammi visnaga can thrive in various environments, requiring minimal maintenance and making it an ideal addition to herb gardens. The herb boasts a unique combination of botanical properties, including an essential oil rich in sesquiterpenes and a high concentration of saponins, which contribute to its medicinal potency.

For centuries, Ammi visnaga has been referenced in ancient medical texts, including the Ebers Papyrus and the works of Ibn Sina, highlighting its significance in traditional Middle Eastern and North African medicine.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Ammi visnaga .

What are the medicinal properties of Ammi visnaga ?

Ammi visnaga helps with various health issues such as high blood pressure, asthma, and bronchitis due to its expectorant and bronchodilatory properties. It has been used to treat respiratory problems and cardiac conditions. The plant has also shown antimicrobial and antispasmodic activities.

The active constituents of Ammi visnaga that contribute to its medicinal properties are sesquiterpenes, particularly khellin and isokhellin, which are responsible for its therapeutic effects. These compounds have been isolated and studied for their pharmacological activities.

The most commonly used parts of the plant for medicinal purposes are the seeds and the aerial parts, particularly the leaves and stems. These parts are rich in sesquiterpenes and other bioactive compounds. The seeds are often harvested and dried for use in traditional medicine.

Improper use of Ammi visnaga can lead to side effects such as dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. High doses can cause cardiovascular problems, including arrhythmias and hypotension. Long-term use can also lead to gastrointestinal disturbances.

Precautions when using Ammi visnaga medicinally include monitoring blood pressure and heart rate, especially in patients with cardiovascular conditions. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using the plant due to its potential effects on the fetus or baby. The plant should also be used under medical supervision to prevent adverse reactions.

What are the horticulural aspects of Ammi visnaga ?

Ammi visnaga grow best in well-drained soil and full sun, preferring a pH range of 6.0-7.0. It thrives in Mediterranean and temperate climates with moderate temperatures, tolerating up to 30°C (86°F). It is drought-tolerant but benefits from regular watering. Fertilize with compost or balanced fertilizer during growth.

Plant Ammi visnaga in the spring, after the last frost, in a location with good air circulation. Space plants 30-60 cm (12-24 in) apart. Sow seeds directly into well-prepared soil, 1-2 cm (0.4-0.8 in) deep, and 2-3 cm (0.8-1.2 in) apart. Keep the soil consistently moist during the germination period.

Harvest Ammi visnaga flowers when they are fully open, usually in mid-summer. Cut the flowering stems when they reach their maximum height, typically 30-60 cm (12-24 in). Remove the leaves and only retain the umbels (flower clusters). Dry or process the flowers immediately to preserve their medicinal properties.

Common pests and diseases affecting Ammi visnaga include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and root rot can also occur. Regularly inspect plants and treat any infestations promptly. Maintain good gardening practices, such as crop rotation and sanitation, to prevent disease spread.

What are the botanical aspects of Ammi visnaga ?

Ammi visnaga is a biennial herbaceous plant native to the Mediterranean region. It grows up to 60 cm in height, with a slender stem, pinnate leaves, and umbels of small white flowers. Leaves are compound, with 3-5 pairs of leaflets.

Ammi visnaga belongs to the carrot family (Apiaceae), with the genus Ammi and species visnaga. Its botanical name is derived from the Latin word 'visnaga', meaning 'desert plant'. Its classification is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Order: Apiales, Family: Apiaceae, Genus: Ammi, Species: A. visnaga.

Variants of Ammi visnaga include A. visnaga var. visnaga and A. visnaga var. macrocarpum. The latter has larger seeds, while the former is more widespread. Other names for A. visnaga include khellal and bishop's weed.

Ammi visnaga is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region, extending to parts of North Africa and the Middle East. It grows on sandy and stony soils, often in dry scrublands and desert regions. It has also been naturalized in parts of Europe.

Ammi visnaga has a simple life cycle. Seeds germinate in late winter or early spring, producing a rosette of leaves. As temperatures rise, the plant bolts, producing a stem with umbels of flowers and seeds. The plant dies after seed dispersal, followed by a dormant period until the next growing season.

What are the historical aspects of Ammi visnaga ?

Ammi visnaga is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine. Its seeds and roots have been used for centuries to treat a variety of ailments, including kidney stones, eye infections, and digestive issues. In ancient Egypt, it was used to treat eye problems. In Africa, it was used to treat snakebites.

In ancient Greek mythology, Ammi visnaga was associated with the goddess Hecate, who was revered for her powers of healing and protection. The plant was also linked to the myth of the snake-haired Medusa. In some cultures, the plant was believed to have the power to ward off evil spirits. The association with snakes is significant, given the plant's use in treating snakebites.

In ancient cultures, Ammi visnaga was seen as a symbol of protection, purification, and healing. The plant's ability to treat a range of ailments, including those related to the kidneys and eyes, earned it a place in rituals and ceremonies. The plant's seeds were believed to possess spiritual power and were used in rituals to protect against evil.

Ammi visnaga is mentioned in several ancient texts, including the Ebers Papyrus, an Egyptian medical text dating back to around 1550 BCE. The plant is also mentioned in the writings of the Greek physician Dioscorides. The Arabic physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) wrote about the plant's use in treating eye problems. The use of the plant in traditional medicine continued well into the Middle Ages.

Archaeological finds have included seeds and roots of Ammi visnaga in ancient Egyptian and African burial sites. Pottery and ceramic vessels have been found containing the plant's seeds. In some cases, the plant has been preserved in mummies. The discovery of ancient texts and artifacts has shed light on the plant's use and significance in ancient cultures.