What to know about Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) before using it medicinally

Aloysia citrodora, commonly known as lemon verbena, is a herb that boasts numerous health benefits, from alleviating anxiety and stress to providing relief from digestive issues and promoting a restful sleep.

As a hardy, fragrant shrub, it is relatively easy to cultivate and is often grown in home gardens for its ornamental value and ability to attract pollinators. Botanically speaking, lemon verbena is a member of the Lamiaceae family and is known for its distinctive citrusy fragrance and its clusters of small, white flowers.

Its long history of use dates back to ancient times, with references in the works of the Greek physician Hippocrates and the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Aloysia citrodora.

What are the medicinal properties of Aloysia citrodora?

Aloysia citrodora helps with stress relief, anxiety, and insomnia due to its calming and sedative effects. Its essential oils have been used to reduce inflammation and pain, making it a popular natural remedy for arthritis and muscle tension. It also aids in digestion and has antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, it has been used to alleviate symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and night sweats.

The active constituents of Aloysia citrodora responsible for its medicinal properties are limonene, linalool, and citral, which are present in the plant's essential oils. These compounds have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, making them beneficial for various health conditions. The high concentration of limonene, in particular, is responsible for its ability to relax and calm the nervous system.

The parts of the Aloysia citrodora plant most used for medicinal purposes are the leaves, stems, and flowers. The leaves contain the highest concentration of essential oils, which are extracted through steam distillation or solvent extraction. The dried leaves can be made into teas or infused in hot water to release their medicinal properties. The flowers are also used to make teas and can be added to bath water for relaxation.

Improper use of Aloysia citrodora can cause side effects such as dizziness, nausea, and headaches. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using the plant due to its potential to stimulate the uterus and cause allergic reactions in the infant. Additionally, individuals with liver or kidney problems should consult with a healthcare professional before using Aloysia citrodora, as its essential oils may interact with medications.

Precautions when using Aloysia citrodora medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional before using it, especially if taking medications or having underlying health conditions. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using the plant, and individuals with allergies should perform a patch test before using it. It is also essential to follow the recommended dosage and preparation methods to avoid adverse reactions.

What are the horticulural aspects of Aloysia citrodora?

Aloysia citrodora grow in full sun to partial shade with well-draining soil. They thrive in USDA zones 8-10 and require temperatures above 64°F (18°C) for optimal growth. Water them regularly, but not excessively.

When planting Aloysia citrodora, choose a location with good air circulation to prevent fungal diseases. Plant the stem 6-8 inches deep and water thoroughly after planting. Fertilize with a balanced fertilizer in spring and summer. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

To harvest the leaves of Aloysia citrodora, pinch off the tips of stems to encourage branching and promote new growth. Harvest the leaves in the morning, after the dew has dried, and use them fresh or dry them for later use. Prune the plant in late winter or early spring to maintain shape and promote new growth.

Common pests affecting Aloysia citrodora include spider mites, mealybugs, and aphids. Diseases such as root rot, leaf spot, and powdery mildew can also affect the plant. Regularly inspect the plant and take action promptly if any issues arise to prevent the problem from spreading.

What are the botanical aspects of Aloysia citrodora?

Aloysia citrodora is a shrub-like plant that belongs to the Verbenaceae family. It grows up to 2-4 meters in height, with a woody base and a branching habit. Leaves are opposite, elliptical, and 2-5 cm long.

Aloysia citrodora is classified within the kingdom Plantae, phylum Angiospermophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Lamiales, family Verbenaceae, and genus Aloysia. The specific epithet 'citrodora' means "lemon-like" in Greek, referring to the plant's distinctive fragrance.

The Aloysia citrodora has several variants, including 'Compacta', which grows more compactly, and 'Citrodotra', which has larger leaves. Other varieties have been developed for their ornamental and fragrant properties.

Aloysia citrodora is native to South America, but is now cultivated in many parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Australia. It thrives in warm climates with mild winters and well-drained soil.

The life cycle of Aloysia citrodora typically begins with a winter dormant period, followed by growth and flowering from spring to autumn. Seeds are produced in late summer, but the plant is more commonly propagated through stem cuttings or division.

What are the historical aspects of Aloysia citrodora?

Aloysia citrodora is a plant with a rich history of use in traditional medicine, cooking, and perfumery. In ancient civilizations, it was used to treat various ailments, including anxiety, indigestion, and skin conditions. Its essential oil was also used as a flavoring agent.

In ancient Greek mythology, lemon verbena was associated with the goddess Artemis, who was said to have used its leaves to create a calming tea. In some mythologies, the plant was also linked to the Greek hero Hercules, who used its fragrance to mask the stench of the Nemean Lion.

Lemon verbena has long been a symbol of elegance, refinement, and charm. In the Victorian era, it was a popular ingredient in perfumes and potpourri, representing the scent of a fresh lemon. In some cultures, it's still considered a symbol of love and friendship.

The use of lemon verbena in traditional medicine was documented in various historical texts, including the 18th-century book "The English Herbal" by William Salmon, which describes its properties as a "soothing and refreshing" herb. The plant was also mentioned in the writings of the Spanish botanist Francisco Hernandez.

The use of lemon verbena in ancient artifacts, such as pottery and ceramics, has been found in archaeological excavations in ancient Greece and Rome. The plant's essential oil was also used in ancient perfumes, as evidenced by the discovery of perfume jars and amphorae in Roman ruins.