What to know about Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) before using it medicinally

Ailanthus altissima, commonly known as tree of heaven, is a herb that has been prized for its numerous health benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving cardiovascular health, and boosting the immune system.

Horticulturally, this fast-growing tree is often cultivated in gardens and landscapes for its unique and elegant foliage, as well as its ability to thrive in a variety of conditions. Botanically, Ailanthus altissima is classified as a member of the Simaroubaceae family, with distinctive leaves that are often used in traditional medicine to treat a range of ailments.

Historically, the tree of heaven has been referenced in traditional Chinese medicine for over 1,000 years, and has also been mentioned in ancient texts from India and the Middle East.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Ailanthus altissima .

What are the medicinal properties of Ailanthus altissima ?

Ailanthus altissima helps with digestive issues, skin conditions, and respiratory problems due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. It has been traditionally used to treat ailments such as diarrhea, fever, and skin irritations. Its bark and leaves have been used in various remedies.

The active constituents of Ailanthus altissima include flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Flavonoids exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, while alkaloids show antimicrobial effects. Terpenes are responsible for the plant's antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties.

The most commonly used parts of Ailanthus altissima for medicinal purposes are its bark and leaves. The bark has been used to treat skin conditions and digestive issues, while the leaves have been used to treat respiratory problems and fever. The seeds and roots have also been used in some traditional remedies.

Improper use of Ailanthus altissima can lead to side effects such as allergic reactions, digestive issues, and skin irritations. The plant's alkaloids can cause toxicity if ingested in large quantities. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties can interact with certain medications, causing adverse effects.

Precautions when using Ailanthus altissima medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women. The plant should be used in moderation and in combination with other treatments as directed. It is essential to identify the plant correctly and use only the recommended parts and dosages to avoid adverse effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Ailanthus altissima ?

Ailanthus altissima grow in full sun to partial shade, tolerating a wide range of soils, from dry to moist, but preferring slightly acidic to neutral pH (5.5-7.5). It is a fast-growing tree, reaching maturity in 20-30 years, with a lifespan of up to 100 years.

For optimal growth, plant Ailanthus altissima in well-draining soil, with a spacing of 10-15 feet between trees. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Avoid planting in areas with standing water or where the soil is prone to waterlogging. Young trees require staking to prevent damage from wind.

Harvesting Ailanthus altissima's seed pods typically occurs in late summer, when the pods turn brown and split open. Seeds can be collected and sown immediately or stored for up to 6 months. The wood is harvested in the spring, when the sapwood is clear of green sap, for use in furniture-making, pulpwood, and other wood products.

The tree of heaven is susceptible to pests like the longhorned beetle and the scale insect. It is also vulnerable to diseases like powdery mildew, root rot, and canker. Regular pruning and removal of infected tissue can help manage these issues, while introducing beneficial insects like ladybugs can also aid in pest control.

What are the botanical aspects of Ailanthus altissima ?

Ailanthus altissima is a deciduous tree with a broad, rounded crown and a straight, columnar trunk. Its bark is grayish-brown, smooth, and develops deep furrows with age. Leaves are pinnately compound, with 20-40 leaflets, 5-12 cm long.

Taxonomically, Ailanthus altissima belongs to the family Simaroubaceae. It is a member of the genus Ailanthus, which includes about 20 species. Ailanthus altissima is native to China and Taiwan, but has been widely introduced and naturalized in many parts of the world.

Several variants of Ailanthus altissima exist, including 'Alliance' and 'SkyPencil', which have narrower crowns and are commonly used as ornamental plants. Other variants exhibit differences in leaf size and shape, as well as in growth rate.

Ailanthus altissima is widely distributed across the northern hemisphere, including eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. It has been introduced to many other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, where it has become naturalized.

The life cycle of Ailanthus altissima begins with seed germination, typically in spring. Young seedlings grow rapidly, producing leaves and stems. Mature trees can grow up to 25 meters tall, with a lifespan of around 80 years. Flowering occurs in late summer, producing wind-pollinated flowers.

What are the historical aspects of Ailanthus altissima ?

Ailanthus altissima is a plant with a long history of human use. Its wood has been employed for furniture-making and charcoal production in Asia for centuries. In traditional Chinese medicine, the plant's seeds and bark are used to treat various ailments. The plant's oil is also used in cosmetics and perfumes.

In ancient Chinese mythology, Ailanthus altissima is associated with the goddess Meng Jiangnu, who mourned the death of her husband by beating her head on a stone made of the tree's wood. The mythological references of the plant are deeply rooted in Chinese culture. According to legend, the tree's wood was sacred and only used for ceremonial purposes.

The symbolic meanings of Ailanthus altissima vary across cultures. In Chinese culture, the tree is seen as a symbol of good luck and prosperity. In contrast, in some Western cultures, it is considered an invasive species and a symbol of chaos. The plant's symbolism is complex and influenced by its ecological impact.

Historical texts provide evidence of Ailanthus altissima's presence in ancient civilizations. The plant is mentioned in the Shennong Bencao Jing, a Chinese medical text from the 3rd century AD. The text describes the plant's medicinal properties and uses. Similarly, the plant is mentioned in the works of the Greek historian Strabo, who wrote about its introduction to Europe.

Historical artifacts provide visual evidence of Ailanthus altissima's significance in ancient cultures. The plant is depicted in ancient Chinese art and architecture, such as the walls of the Forbidden City in Beijing. Similarly, the plant's wood was used to create decorative items, such as figurines and ornaments, in ancient Greek and Roman art.