giant-bellflower

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• giant-bellflower
• Three-leaf ladybell

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Adenophora triphylla var. glabra
• Adenophora verticillata subf. hirsuta
• Adenophora verticillata f. incisa
• Adenophora verticillata var. latifolia
• Adenophora verticillata var. linearis
• Adenophora verticillata f. linearis
• Adenophora verticillata var. maritima
• Adenophora verticillata proles princeps
• Adenophora verticillata f. princeps
• Adenophora verticillata f. serrulata
• Adenophora verticillata var. subintegrifolia
• Adenophora verticillata f. subintegrifolia
• Campanula triphylla
• Campanula tetraphylla
• Adenophora hakusanensis
• Adenophora insularis
• Adenophora kurilensis
• Adenophora kurilensis f. albiflora
• Adenophora radiatifolia var. abbreviata
• Adenophora radiatifolia var. angustifolia
• Adenophora radiatifolia f. hirsuta
• Adenophora radiatifolia var. hirsuta
• Adenophora puellaris
• Adenophora pulchra
• Adenophora polymorpha var. verticillata
• Adenophora pereskiifolia var. japonica
• Adenophora obtusifolia
• Adenophora triphylla f. albiflora
• Adenophora triphylla var. angustifolia
• Adenophora triphylla subsp. aperticampanulata
• Adenophora triphylla f. canescens
• Adenophora triphylla f. glabra
• Adenophora triphylla var. hakusanensis
• Adenophora triphylla f. hirsuta
• Adenophora triphylla var. insularis
• Adenophora triphylla var. japonica
• Adenophora triphylla var. kurilensis
• Adenophora triphylla f. lancifolia
• Adenophora triphylla f. latifolia
• Adenophora triphylla f. leucantha
• Adenophora triphylla f. linearis
• Adenophora triphylla f. pilosa
• Adenophora triphylla f. pilosissima
• Adenophora triphylla f. princeps
• Adenophora triphylla f. procumbens
• Adenophora triphylla var. puellaris
• Adenophora triphylla var. tetraphylla
• Adenophora triphylla f. violacea
• Adenophora tetraphylla
• Adenophora tetraphylla var. abbreviata
• Adenophora tetraphylla var. angustifolia
• Adenophora tetraphylla f. angustifolia
• Adenophora tetraphylla var. hirsuta
• Adenophora tetraphylla var. integrifolia
• Adenophora tetraphylla var. media
• Adenophora tetraphylla var. princeps
• Adenophora thunbergiana
• Adenophora thunbergiana f. brevidens
• Adenophora thunbergiana f. glabra
• Adenophora thunbergiana var. hakusanensis
• Adenophora thunbergiana f. hirsuta
• Adenophora thunbergiana var. lancifolia
• Adenophora thunbergiana f. lancifolia
• Adenophora thunbergiana f. totoki
• Adenophora thunbergiana f. violacea
• Adenophora verticillata var. media
• Adenophora verticillata var. oppositifolia
• Adenophora verticillata var. pilosissima
• Adenophora verbenifolia
• Adenophora verticillata
• Adenophora verticillata var. abbreviata
• Adenophora verticillata var. alternifolia
• Adenophora verticillata lusus alternifolia
• Adenophora verticillata subf. alternifolia
• Adenophora verticillata f. angustifolia
• Adenophora thunbergiana f. angustifolia
• Adenophora verticillata var. brevidens
• Adenophora verticillata var. canescens
• Adenophora verticillata f. crenata
• Adenophora verticillata f. dentata
• Adenophora verticillata var. denticulata
• Adenophora verticillata subf. glabra
• Adenophora verticillata var. glabra
• Adenophora verticillata var. hirsuta
• Adenophora verticillata f. hirsuta

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. It is further classified within the order Asterales and the family Campanulaceae. Ultimately, its taxonomic identity is defined by its placement in the genus Adenophora.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a wide distribution across several key regions in Northern Asia. Within Siberia, it can be found growing in the areas of Buryatiya, Chitа, and Irkutsk. Its range also extends further north into the vast territory of Yakutiya. Additionally, the species is present in the Russian Far East, specifically within the Amur region. These locations highlight the plant's ability to thrive in diverse Siberian and Far Eastern environments.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Adenophora triphylla is primarily characterized by its preference for shaded, moist environments found within forest ecosystems and dense shrubberies. It thrives in the understory of woodlands, where the canopy provides filtered sunlight and maintains the high humidity levels necessary for its growth. By colonizing these shrubby and forested habitats, the plant benefits from the nutrient-rich organic matter provided by leaf litter and the stable microclimates created by surrounding vegetation. This specific niche allows it to avoid the physiological stress of direct solar radiation while accessing the consistent soil moisture typical of these sheltered woodland settings.

Habitat :

forest, shrubberies

Life history

The life history of Adenophora triphylla is characterized by its status as a perennial plant, allowing it to persist through multiple growing seasons. Regarding its structural adaptation to environmental conditions, the species exhibits a life form classified as both a hemicryptophyte and a cryptophyte, indicating that its perennating buds are located at or just below the soil surface to survive unfavorable periods.

Life form :

hemicryptophyte

Life form :

cryptophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Adenophora triphylla is characterized by its growth form as a non-woody herb, specifically categorized as a forb. It is a self-supporting plant that lacks climbing mechanisms, such as lianas or vines, and functions as an independent organism without parasitic tendencies. As a terrestrial species, it does not exhibit aquatic, semiaquatic, or epiphytic lifestyles. The plant typically reaches a height ranging from a minimum of 0.7 m to a maximum of 1.5 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

1.5 m

Plant height min:

0.7 m

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Adenophora triphylla is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its metabolic processes and carbon fixation efficiency. Its vegetative structure features elliptic-lanceolate leaves that are marked by a toothed margin, contributing to its specific morphological profile. In terms of physical defenses and surface anatomy, the plant lacks specialized sharp structures, as it possesses no leaf thorns and no leaf spines.

Leaf form :

elliptic-lanceolate

Leaf margin :

toothed

Leaf spines :

no

Leaf thorns :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Adenophora triphylla is characterized by its sexual reproductive cycle, involving bisexual flowers that facilitate pollination. The flowering period for this species is concentrated specifically in the month of July, marking both the start and the end of its blooming season. Following successful pollination, the plant produces seeds that are exceptionally lightweight, with a highly consistent seed mass across the population; the mean, maximum, and minimum seed mass are all recorded at 0.00017 g.

Flowering time :

Jul

Reproduction sexual :

bisexual

Seed mass mean:

0.00017 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Adenophora triphylla has 2 reported plant parts identified across 4 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include root, leaf.

Root

1. International journal of food sciences and nutrition
2. Heliyon
3. Natural product research

Leaf

1. International journal of food sciences and nutrition

Chemicals

Adenophora triphylla has 14 reported phytochemicals identified across 4 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Flavonoids, 24-Methylene cycloartanol, BETA-SITOSTEROL, CHLOROPHYLL, D1.

Flavonoids

1. International journal of food sciences and nutrition
2. BioMed research international

24-Methylene cycloartanol

1. Journal of chromatography. A

BETA-SITOSTEROL

1. Journal of chromatography. A

CHLOROPHYLL

1. BioMed research international

D1

1. BioMed research international

EICOSANOIC ACID

1. Journal of chromatography. A

Flavonoid

1. Food science of animal resources

LUPENONE

1. Journal of chromatography. A

Nonacosan-10-ol

1. Journal of chromatography. A

Polyacetylene

1. Natural product research

Activities

Adenophora triphylla has 4 reported activities identified across 4 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antitussive, Analgesic, Expectorant, Hepatoprotective.

Antitussive

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology
2. International journal of food sciences and nutrition

Analgesic

1. International journal of food sciences and nutrition

Expectorant

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Hepatoprotective

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Medicinal Uses

Adenophora triphylla has 5 reported medicinal uses identified across 4 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include analgesic, antitussive, cancer, gastric cancer, inflammation.

Most Reported Uses

Preparations