What to know about Sorbus aucuparia (rowan) before using it medicinally

Sorbus aucuparia, commonly known as rowan, is a herb that has been prized for its health-promoting properties for centuries, including its ability to boost immunity and reduce inflammation.

From a horticultural perspective, rowan is a relatively low-maintenance shrub or tree that can thrive in a variety of environments, making it a popular choice for gardeners and landscape designers. Botanically, rowan is a deciduous tree that belongs to the Rosaceae family and is characterized by its bright red berries and pinnate leaves.

Historically, rowan has been referenced in various cultures and traditions, including ancient Celtic mythology, where it was believed to possess magical properties and protection from evil spirits.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Sorbus aucuparia.

What are the medicinal properties of Sorbus aucuparia?

Sorbus aucuparia helps with treating respiratory issues, such as bronchitis and coughs, due to its expectorant properties. It also has anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat digestive issues, such as diarrhea and dysentery. The plant's berries are edible and have been used to treat scurvy. Its bark is used to treat rheumatism and arthritis.

The active constituents of Sorbus aucuparia responsible for its medicinal properties include salicin, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Salicin is similar to aspirin and provides the plant's anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Flavonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Phenolic acids, like chlorogenic acid, have antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.

The most commonly used parts of the Sorbus aucuparia for medicinal purposes are the berries, bark, and leaves. The berries are used to make jams, jellies, and preserves, which can be used as a treatment for respiratory issues. The bark is dried and made into infusions or decoctions for treating arthritis and rheumatism. The leaves are used in teas or infusions for treating digestive issues.

When used improperly, Sorbus aucuparia can cause side effects such as allergic reactions, gastrointestinal upset, and interactions with certain medications. The berries, while edible, can cause gastrointestinal issues if consumed in excess. The bark and leaves can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals.

Precautions when using Sorbus aucuparia medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional before use, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women. Individuals with allergies or sensitivities to salicylates or phenolic acids should avoid using the plant. The plant's berries, bark, and leaves should be identified correctly to avoid confusion with other plants that may be toxic.

What are the horticulural aspects of Sorbus aucuparia?

Sorbus aucuparia grow best in moist, well-drained soils and partial shade to full sun conditions. It thrives in cool, temperate climates with average temperatures between 35°F and 75°F (2°C and 24°C). It tolerates a range of soil pH levels from acidic to alkaline.

Proper planting of Sorbus aucuparia involves selecting a location with good air circulation to prevent disease. Plant rowan trees in spring or fall, about 10-15 feet apart. Dig a hole twice as wide and as deep as the root ball, and gently place the tree in the hole. Backfill with soil and water thoroughly.

Harvesting rowan berries typically occurs in late autumn, 6-8 weeks after they have turned dark red. Select berries that are fully ripe, as green or unripe berries can be toxic. Rowan berries are an important food source for many birds and small mammals, and harvesting should be done sustainably to minimize impact on wildlife.

Common pests and diseases affecting Sorbus aucuparia include the rowan sawfly, which causes significant damage to leaves and stems, and fungal diseases like powdery mildew and leaf spot, which can lead to defoliation and reduced tree growth. Regular monitoring and integrated pest management practices can help mitigate these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Sorbus aucuparia?

Sorbus aucuparia is a deciduous shrub or small tree with a rounded crown, typically growing 3-8 meters tall, with a greyish-brown bark, and compound leaves with 5-15 leaflets.

The taxonomical classification of Sorbus aucuparia places it in the family Rosaceae, with the genus Sorbus, and the species S. aucuparia. It is further classified as a Rosoideae subfamily member, with the order Rosales, and the division Magnoliophyta.

Several variants of Sorbus aucuparia have been identified, including S. aucuparia 'Variegata', which has variegated leaves, and S. aucuparia 'Humilis', which is a dwarf cultivar. Other cultivars include 'Aurea' and 'Nana'.

Sorbus aucuparia is native to northern Europe, northern Asia, and western Asia, and has been naturalized in other parts of the world. It grows in mountainous regions, woodlands, and along rivers, in a range of soils and moisture levels.

The life cycle of Sorbus aucuparia typically begins with seed germination in the spring, followed by vegetative growth and flowering in the summer, with fruit ripening and dispersal in the autumn, and dormancy during the winter months.

What are the historical aspects of Sorbus aucuparia?

Sorbus aucuparia is a plant with a long history of traditional uses, particularly in folk medicine. In ancient Europe, it was employed to treat a range of ailments, from fever to skin conditions. Its berries were also used as a food source.

Mythological references to Sorbus aucuparia can be found in the folklore of Northern Europe. In Celtic mythology, the rowan tree was associated with the Otherworld, a supernatural realm. The tree was said to possess magical properties, warding off evil spirits.

The symbolic meanings of Sorbus aucuparia have varied across cultures. In Celtic mythology, the rowan was a symbol of protection, while in Scandinavian cultures, it represented love and fertility. The tree's bright red berries were also associated with life and vitality.

Historical texts referencing Sorbus aucuparia date back to the Middle Ages. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder mentioned the tree's medicinal properties in his Naturalis Historia. Similarly, the 10th-century Irish manuscript, the Lebor Na hUidre, describes the rowan as a tree of great power.

Archaeological evidence of Sorbus aucuparia has been found in the form of artifacts and remains of rowan trees. In the Iron Age hillfort of Traprain Law in Scotland, rowan berries were found in a chariot burial. Similarly, rowan wood was used to create arrowheads and other tools.