What to know about Illicium verum (star anise) before using it medicinally

Illicium verum, commonly known as star anise, is a versatile herb that has been used for centuries to promote digestive health, reduce inflammation, and boost the immune system.

As a popular garden herb, Illicium verum is relatively easy to cultivate and can thrive in a variety of conditions, making it a great addition to home gardens and botanical collections. Botanically, the herb belongs to the Lauraceae family and is known for its distinctive star-shaped seeds, which give it its name and aroma.

Historically, Illicium verum has been referenced in traditional Chinese medicine and Indian Ayurvedic practices, where it is valued for its medicinal and culinary properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Illicium verum.

What are the medicinal properties of Illicium verum?

Illicium verum helps with respiratory issues, such as bronchitis and coughs, due to its expectorant properties. It also has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, making it useful for sore throats and skin conditions. Additionally, it has been used to alleviate menstrual cramps and digestive problems.

The active constituents of Illicium verum include volatile oils, particularly anethole, which is responsible for its medicinal properties. These oils are also responsible for its characteristic aroma and flavor. Other constituents include flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which contribute to its pharmacological effects.

The most commonly used parts of the Illicium verum plant for medicinal purposes are its seeds and oil. The seeds are used to make extracts and decoctions, while the oil is used topically for skin conditions and internally for digestive issues. The leaves and bark are also used in some traditional medicine practices.

When used improperly, Illicium verum can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Prolonged use can also lead to anemia, decreased platelet count, and allergic reactions. In some cases, it may interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners and diabetes medications.

To use Illicium verum medicinally, it is essential to follow proper guidelines and precautions. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using the plant, as well as individuals with bleeding disorders or allergies. The plant should also be used in moderation, as excessive consumption can lead to adverse effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Illicium verum?

Illicium verum grow best in well-drained acidic soils with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. It thrives in partial shade to full sun, requiring temperatures between 64°F and 75°F (18°C and 24°C) for optimal growth.

Planting tips for Illicium verum include choosing a location with filtered sunlight and well-draining soil. Dig a hole that is 1-2 times the width and depth of the plant's root ball, adding organic matter such as compost or manure to improve soil fertility.

Harvesting star anise involves pinching off individual flowers as they appear, or cutting back the entire plant to promote new growth. The seeds can be collected in the fall, but it's essential to allow the pods to dry completely before harvesting to avoid moisture retention.

Illicium verum is susceptible to pests such as aphids, spider mites, and scale insects, which can be managed through integrated pest management techniques. Fungal diseases like root rot and leaf spot can be caused by overwatering or poor air circulation, and are typically treated with fungicides or by improving growing conditions.

What are the botanical aspects of Illicium verum?

Illicium verum is an evergreen shrub or small tree that grows up to 15 meters tall, with a broad, rounded crown and smooth, gray bark. The leaves are 5-15 cm long, dark green, and elliptical in shape. The flowers are small and white, arranged in axillary spikes.

The taxonomical classification of Illicium verum places it in the family Schisandraceae, order Austrobaileyales, class Magnoliopsida, and division Magnoliophyta. It is a member of the Illicium genus, which consists of around 35 species. The plant is native to the Himalayas and Southeast Asia.

Several variants of Illicium verum exist, including Illicium verum 'Purna', which is a compact, shrub-like cultivar, and Illicium verum 'Wagner', which has a more upright growth habit. Other variants may have different leaf or flower characteristics, but these differences are not widely documented.

Illicium verum is widely distributed across the Himalayas and Southeast Asia, including countries such as India, China, Japan, and Indonesia. The plant grows in a variety of habitats, including subtropical and tropical forests, at elevations ranging from sea level to 1,500 meters.

The life cycle of Illicium verum is complete within one year. The plant flowers in late spring, with the flowers ripening into seed pods in autumn. The seeds are dispersed in the winter months, and the plant grows and matures over the course of the following year.

What are the historical aspects of Illicium verum?

Illicium verum is an ancient spice used in various cultures for culinary and medicinal purposes. In ancient China, it was used to preserve meat and to treat various ailments, including digestive issues and respiratory problems. In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, it was used to treat fever and inflammation.

In Hindu mythology, Illicium verum was associated with the god Ganesh, who is said to have created the spice to treat ailing children. In some cultures, the star anise was also linked to the goddess Lakshmi, who is associated with good fortune and prosperity. These mythological references reflect the plant's long-standing association with healing and protection.

The symbolic meanings of Illicium verum are diverse and complex. In some cultures, it represents wisdom, spiritual growth, and enlightenment. In others, it is associated with love, fertility, and abundance. Its star-shaped seeds were also seen as a symbol of good luck and prosperity in ancient cultures.

Historical texts provide evidence of the long-standing use of Illicium verum in various cultures. The Chinese medical text "Shennong Ben Cao Jing," dated around 200 BCE, mentions the spice as a treatment for various ailments. Similarly, the Indian Ayurvedic text "Charaka Samhita," dated around 400 CE, mentions its use in treating fever and inflammation.

Historical artifacts, such as ceramic vessels and stone figurines, have been discovered in ancient Chinese and Indian archaeological sites, depicting the use of Illicium verum in various contexts. These artifacts demonstrate the spice's widespread use in ancient cultures and its association with various mythological and symbolic meanings.